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Questions and Answers
What is the relationship between pressure and height in a fluid according to hydrostatic pressure?
What is the relationship between pressure and height in a fluid according to hydrostatic pressure?
- Pressure decreases with increasing height (correct)
- Pressure increases with decreasing height
- Pressure increases with increasing height
- Pressure remains constant regardless of height
How does specific gravity of a gas relate to its pressure at a given height?
How does specific gravity of a gas relate to its pressure at a given height?
- Lower specific gravity results in higher pressure
- Higher specific gravity always leads to higher pressure
- Specific gravity influences pressure variations in a fluid (correct)
- Specific gravity has no effect on pressure
What is the unit of atmospheric pressure at sea level?
What is the unit of atmospheric pressure at sea level?
- 1 atm (correct)
- 789 kg/m³
- 100,000 Pa (correct)
- 202,600 Pa
According to Pascal's Law, if a pressure is applied to an enclosed fluid, how does the pressure change throughout the fluid?
According to Pascal's Law, if a pressure is applied to an enclosed fluid, how does the pressure change throughout the fluid?
Which of the following is a common technique for measuring fluid pressure?
Which of the following is a common technique for measuring fluid pressure?
What is the effect of increasing the velocity of a fluid on its pressure according to Bernoulli’s Principle?
What is the effect of increasing the velocity of a fluid on its pressure according to Bernoulli’s Principle?
How is the pressure at a certain depth in a fluid determined?
How is the pressure at a certain depth in a fluid determined?
What happens to the flow rate of an incompressible fluid if the cross-sectional area of a pipe decreases?
What happens to the flow rate of an incompressible fluid if the cross-sectional area of a pipe decreases?
Which type of pressure measurement is reported with a perfect vacuum as the zero point?
Which type of pressure measurement is reported with a perfect vacuum as the zero point?
What does gauge pressure measure relative to?
What does gauge pressure measure relative to?
What characteristic of fluids determines hydrostatic pressure?
What characteristic of fluids determines hydrostatic pressure?
According to Pascal's law, how is pressure transmitted in a confined static fluid?
According to Pascal's law, how is pressure transmitted in a confined static fluid?
Which pressure scale can report negative values indicating a partial vacuum?
Which pressure scale can report negative values indicating a partial vacuum?
Which statement about absolute pressure is true?
Which statement about absolute pressure is true?
What is the role of specific gravity in relation to pressure measurement techniques?
What is the role of specific gravity in relation to pressure measurement techniques?
What defines vacuum pressure in pressure measurement?
What defines vacuum pressure in pressure measurement?
What does the Law of Inertia state about a body at rest?
What does the Law of Inertia state about a body at rest?
Which of the following best defines an inertial reference frame?
Which of the following best defines an inertial reference frame?
Newton's second law states that net force and acceleration are:
Newton's second law states that net force and acceleration are:
What condition must exist for a resultant force to be considered unbalanced?
What condition must exist for a resultant force to be considered unbalanced?
Which of the following statements about Earth is true in the context of an inertial frame?
Which of the following statements about Earth is true in the context of an inertial frame?
What is the significance of the vector sum of all forces acting on a body?
What is the significance of the vector sum of all forces acting on a body?
Which statement best describes inertia?
Which statement best describes inertia?
Which aspect is not true about accelerated frames of reference?
Which aspect is not true about accelerated frames of reference?
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Study Notes
Bernoulli's Principle
- Total mechanical energy of a moving fluid remains constant and includes gravitational potential energy, fluid pressure energy, and kinetic energy.
- Key equation: P + ½ρv² + ρgh = constant, where P is pressure, ρ is density, v is fluid velocity, and h is height.
- Bernoulli's principle applies to incompressible fluids, indicating energy conservation during flow.
Principle of Continuity
- In streamline flow, the mass of fluid passing through different cross sections is equal.
- Equation: ρA1V1 = ρA2V2, where A is cross-sectional area and V is velocity.
Bernoulli's Equation at Constant Depth
- When fluid moves at constant depth (h₁ = h₂), Bernoulli's equation simplifies for easier calculation of pressures and velocities.
Practical Example: Fire Hose
- Water flows with a velocity of 1.0 m/s and pressure of 200,000 Pa in a fire hose.
- Pressure drops to 101,300 Pa at the nozzle; no change in height.
- Use Bernoulli's equation to calculate exit velocity of water.
Practical Example: Fuel Ethanol
- Ethanol flows in a pipe at 1 m/s and 101,300 Pa, needs pressure of 202,600 Pa at a lower level.
- Determine height drop required to achieve desired pressure using Bernoulli's principles.
Hydrostatic Pressure
- Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to gravity.
- Pressure in a fluid is independent of the container's shape and depends on fluid properties and height.
Pascal’s Law
- Pressure applied to a confined static fluid is transmitted equally in all directions.
- This principle underlies various fluid-based devices like hydraulic lifts.
Pressure Reporting
- Pressure can be reported in several units and on different scales: absolute, gauge, vacuum, and differential.
- Absolute Pressure: Measured from a perfect vacuum; cannot be below zero.
- Gauge Pressure: Measured relative to atmospheric pressure; negative values indicate a partial vacuum.
- Vacuum Pressure: Measures pressure below atmospheric, also relative to atmospheric pressure.
Newton's Laws of Motion
- Fundamental principles of dynamics relating force to motion.
- Comprise three laws: Law of Inertia (First Law), Law of Acceleration (Second Law), and Action-Reaction (Third Law).
Newton’s First Law (Law of Inertia)
- An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will continue to move at constant velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
- Net Force: Vector sum of all forces acting on an object; unbalanced forces lead to motion change.
Inertial Reference Frame
- A frame of reference where Newton’s First Law holds true, either at rest or moving at constant velocity.
- Accelerated frames are not considered inertial; Earth is often treated as an inertial frame due to its rotational stability.
Newton’s Second Law (Law of Acceleration)
- The net force acting on an object is directly proportional to the acceleration it experiences (F = ma).
- Indicates the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration; useful in predicting motion under applied forces.
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