BEN102 Biotechnology Introduction
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Questions and Answers

What is biotechnology?

  • The application of science and technology to environmental systems
  • The application of science and technology to inanimate objects
  • The application of science and technology to non-living organisms
  • The application of science and technology to living organisms (correct)

    • What is the primary component of the cell wall in bacteria?

  • Fats
  • Proteins
  • Polysaccharides
  • Peptidoglycan (correct)

    • What is a characteristic feature of bacterial cells?

  • DNA is not contained within a nucleus (correct)
  • They have a nucleus
  • They have membrane-bound organelles
  • They are eukaryotic cells

    • What is the size range of bacterial cells?

    <p>1 to 5 micrometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of microorganism that is not a bacterium?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the complex polysaccharide and protein substance that makes up the bacterial cell wall?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of bacterial DNA?

    <p>It is circular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of biotechnology?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about yeast cells compared to bacteria?

    <p>Larger genomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of bioremediation?

    <p>To stimulate activities of indigenous microorganisms to clean up pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the Lag phase of microbial growth?

    <p>Cells synthesize new components necessary for growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microorganisms in biohydrometallurgy?

    <p>To extract metals from ores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the yeast strain that was the first eukaryotic organism to have its complete genome sequenced?

    <p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of biomarkers?

    <p>To diagnose diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the Exponential (Log) phase of microbial growth?

    <p>Microorganisms grow and divide at a constant rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of yeast cells that makes them valuable model organisms?

    <p>Their chromosome structure similar to human chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the Human Genome Project?

    <p>Development of complex maps of human chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the use of S.cerevisiae?

    <p>As a product in bread production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the yeast strain that is particularly useful for producing proteins at high levels?

    <p>Pichia pastoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of wastewater treatment?

    <p>To clean up environmental pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the cytoplasm of yeast cells?

    <p>It contains a number of membrane-enclosed organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microorganisms in therapeutic purposes?

    <p>To produce proteins such as eritropoietin and interferons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of yeast cells that distinguishes them from bacteria?

    <p>Yeast cells are eukaryotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of medical biotechnology?

    <p>To detect and diagnose diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to measure the number of plant, animal, and microbial species?

    <p>Counting the number of individuals in those species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of biopesticides?

    <p>They reduce the risk of resistance development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of biofertilizers?

    <p>To promote plant growth by increasing the supply of primary nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is industrial biotechnology also known as?

    <p>White biotechnology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one application of biotechnology in industrial sectors?

    <p>Using enzymes and microorganisms to make products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pollution prevention through source reduction, waste minimization, recycling, and reuse an example of?

    <p>Pollution prevention and cleaner production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of genetic engineering in plant biotechnology to create herbicide resistance?

    <p>To make crops resistant to common herbicides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of genetically engineering animals to produce leaner growth patterns?

    <p>More product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using genetic engineering to produce golden rice?

    <p>To produce larger amounts of beta-carotene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of genetic engineering in animal biotechnology to produce lactoferrin in milk?

    <p>Increase nutritional content with higher iron content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of genetic engineering in plant biotechnology to produce vaccines for plants?

    <p>To stimulate the plant's immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of genetic engineering in animal biotechnology to produce human polyclonal antibodies in cattle?

    <p>Production of human polyclonal antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biotechnology

    • Biotechnology is the application of science and technology to living organisms, to products and models of living organisms.

    Fields of Biotechnology

    • Microbial Biotechnology
    • Medical Biotechnology
    • Plant Biotechnology
    • Animal Biotechnology
    • Environmental Biotechnology
    • Industrial Biotechnology

    Microbial Biotechnology

    • Microorganisms, or microbes, are tiny organisms too small to be seen individually by the naked eye.
    • Microbes include bacteria, fungi (such as yeast and mold), algae, protozoa, and viruses.
    • Bacteria:
      • Prokaryotic cells
      • Smaller than eukaryotic cells
      • Simple structure
      • DNA is not contained within a nucleus
      • May contain plasmid DNA
      • Lack membrane-bound organelles, but have ribosomes
      • Cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan
    • Yeasts:
      • Single-celled eukaryotic microbes
      • Belong to the Kingdom Fungi
      • Contain membrane-enclosed organelles, a cytoskeleton, and chromosomes similar to human chromosomes
      • Larger genomes than most bacteria
      • Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the first eukaryotic organism to have its complete genome sequenced
    • Microbial growth:
      • Lag phase: Cells synthesize new components necessary for growth
      • Exponential phase: Microorganisms grow and divide at a maximal rate

    Microorganisms as Tools

    • Microbial mining: Use of microbes to extract metals from ores
    • Bioremediation: Microbial cleanup of oil, toxic chemicals, or other environmental pollutants
    • Wastewater treatment
    • Microorganisms as products:
      • S. cerevisiae as a product in bread

    Medical Biotechnology

    • Human Genome Project: Developed complex maps showing the locations of normal and diseased genes on human chromosomes
    • Detection and diagnosis of diseases:
      • Biomarkers: Indicators of diseases
      • Searching for better biomarkers for early detection and disease diagnosis

    Plant Biotechnology

    • Vaccines for plants: Protein produced from the viral gene stimulates the plant’s immune system
    • Genetic pesticides (Bt genes)
    • Herbicide resistance
    • Enhanced nutrition (Golden rice)

    Animal Biotechnology

    • Genetic engineering to improve agriculture, industrial, or pharmaceutical applications
    • Cloning (e.g., Dolly)
    • Faster growth rates or leaner growth patterns
    • Healthier products (e.g., lower-cholesterol eggs)
    • Increase nutritional content (e.g., lactoferrin in milk)
    • Production of human polyclonal antibodies in cattle plasma

    Environmental Biotechnology

    • Biofertilizers: Substances containing living microorganisms that promote plant growth
    • Pollution prevention and cleaner production:
      • Source reduction
      • Waste minimization
      • Recycling and reuse
    • Biofuels (bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas)
    • Bioplastics/biopolymers (PLA, PHB)
    • Enzymes
    • Biosurfactants

    Industrial Biotechnology

    • Use of biotechnology for sustainable processing and production of chemicals, materials, and fuels
    • Biotechnological processing uses enzymes and microorganisms/cells to make products in various industrial sectors

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    Description

    Introduction to biotechnology, its definition, and fields such as microbial and medical biotechnology. Covers the application of science and technology to living organisms.

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