Behaviorism and Skinner's Theories

<p>Pavlov's work solely focused on conditioned reflexes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A society where all behavior is controlled through the application of reinforcement principles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cage designed for rats that included a lever to activate a food dispenser (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>European psychologists were influenced by the Gestalt movement, which emphasized holistic perception and understanding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through trial and error and a reward system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skinner argued that free will is a dangerous illusion that should be replaced with a more scientific understanding of behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The potential for Skinner's theories to be used for totalitarian control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skinner's rats actively manipulated their environment, while Pavlov's dogs passively waited for stimuli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Operant conditioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The potential for Skinner's theories to undermine the importance of individual freedom and autonomy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rewards or reinforcement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It led to a shift towards the study of observable behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pavlov's approach was more focused on passive learning through stimulus-response, while Skinner's approach was more focused on active learning through reinforcement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>What is the best way to teach children with pre-existing knowledge? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The argument about the existence of innate knowledge versus acquired knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To highlight the complexities of evaluating historical figures with both brilliant and problematic views. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The author suggests that both innate predispositions and acquired experiences contribute to our understanding and development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The author considers the removal of Confederate statues to be a complex issue with no easy answers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The &quot;tabula rasa&quot; theory is a simplistic view that fails to acknowledge the complexity of human cognition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The &quot;Other Voices&quot; section explores the challenges of evaluating historical figures with complex legacies, which relates to the ongoing debate about innate and acquired knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Objective &amp; informative, presenting different perspectives on the nature-versus-nurture debate and the complexities of evaluating historical figures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bank accounts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They exhibit more selfish behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cutting off other cars and pedestrians (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It fosters selfishness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Height (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Upper-class individuals tend to be less charitable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social psychology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavior can vary widely among individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Illusory motion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An approach emphasizing the creation of perceptual experiences by the mind. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They highlighted that memory is reconstructed using prior expectations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Philosophical idealism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jean Piaget (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both demonstrate the influence of cognitive processes on perception and memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perception involves integrating sensory inputs to form a complete experience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mind actively interprets sensory information to create meaning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hallucinations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repressed childhood experiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The conscious mind is a subset of the unconscious mind. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exploring the role of the unconscious in human behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deep diving into one's anxieties and impulses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Charcot and Janet focused on the conscious mind, while Freud focused on the unconscious. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was met with significant resistance and skepticism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The conscious mind is just a small part of the larger unconscious. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A condition with symptoms but no physical cause, like blindness or paralysis.

The part of the mind containing memories that are not accessible to consciousness.

Freud's theory emphasizing the influence of the unconscious on behavior.

Memories that are blocked from awareness due to their painful nature.

A Viennese physician who developed psychoanalytic theory.

A physician who studied patients with hysteria and hypnosis effects.

A physician who, along with Charcot, investigated hysteria and hypnosis.

Freud's first major book, outlining his theories about dreams and the unconscious.

The belief that certain concepts are hard-wired into the brain at birth.

Immanuel Kant proposed some concepts must be innate for learning.

The idea that individuals are born as a blank slate.

Debate on whether genetics or environment shapes knowledge.

Knowledge that is believed to be present at birth.

Newborns demonstrate basic understanding of physics and math.

Debate on how to view intellectuals with problematic views.

The ongoing discussion of which historical figures to honor.

A cage designed by B.F. Skinner to study animal behavior through reinforcement.

A principle stating that behaviors rewarded will be repeated, while those not rewarded will not.

A psychology approach focusing solely on how stimuli evoke responses in behavior.

When an animal learns by chance, such as discovering a lever leads to food.

A device that records the frequency of behavior in real-time, invented by Skinner.

A psychological approach that focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal mental states.

Skinner's experiments showed how rats learned to press levers to obtain food.

The process by which animals or humans learn through interaction with their environment.

A prominent psychologist known for his work on behaviorism and reinforcement theory.

The idea that behavior can be shaped by rewards and punishments.

A book by Skinner proposing a utopian society based on behavior control.

Skinner's book arguing that free will is an illusion.

Many opposed Skinner's views, calling his ideas dangerous and authoritarian.

A school of thought emphasizing the human ability to perceive patterns and wholes.

A German psychologist who contributed to Gestalt psychology, particularly in motion perception.

Opposition to behaviorism from some psychologists who favored other approaches.

Upper-class individuals often exhibit less generosity and trust towards others.

Lower-class individuals depend on relationships with family, friends, and neighbors.

Upper-class individuals may exhibit selfish behavior influenced by their status.

Drivers of new, expensive cars are more likely to disregard others at intersections.

Thinking of oneself as upper-class can lead to more selfish behavior.

Social class affects behavior, including generosity and trust.

Behavior is influenced by many factors, including gender and age.

People often believe psychologists can read minds, especially about thoughts.

The perception that a single light is moving back and forth due to rapid sequential flashes.

The idea that the mind creates understanding based on perceived data and theories.

A British psychologist who demonstrated that memory is constructed and influenced by expectations.

The concept that memory is shaped by expectations and theories rather than simply recorded.

A Swiss psychologist who studied cognitive development in children through their mistakes.

The process by which children understand and learn about their world through experiences.