Behaviorism and Skinner's Theories

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary argument Skinner made in "Beyond Freedom and Dignity" regarding human behavior?

  • Human behavior is determined by genetics and cannot be significantly changed.
  • Human behavior is a product of unconscious desires and drives.
  • Human behavior is inherently good and should be nurtured through positive reinforcement.
  • Free will is an illusion and human behavior is ultimately shaped by reinforcement. (correct)

Which of the following was NOT a criticism leveled at Skinner's work?

  • Skinner's approach would lead to the suppression of individual freedom and creativity.
  • Skinner's theories promote a form of behavioral control resembling fascism.
  • Skinner's theories have been proven to be ineffective in practical settings. (correct)
  • Skinner's theories are reductionist and fail to fully account for the complexity of human behavior.

What is the main reason for the resistance to behaviorism in the early 1900s?

  • Behaviorism was seen as overly simplistic and reductionistic, failing to account for the complexity of human behavior. (correct)
  • Behaviorism was considered unethical due to its focus on controlling human behaviors through rewards and punishments.
  • Behaviorism was seen as being too focused on individual behavior, neglecting the importance of social factors.
  • Behaviorism conflicted with the prevailing religious and philosophical beliefs of the time.

What was Skinner's primary criticism of Pavlov's work?

<p>Pavlov's work solely focused on conditioned reflexes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Skinner's vision for a utopian society as outlined in "Walden II"?

<p>A society where all behavior is controlled through the application of reinforcement principles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What innovative device did Skinner create to study animal behavior?

<p>A cage designed for rats that included a lever to activate a food dispenser (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what is the main reason for the resistance to behaviorism from European psychologists?

<p>European psychologists were influenced by the Gestalt movement, which emphasized holistic perception and understanding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Skinner's rats learn to operate the lever for food?

<p>Through trial and error and a reward system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point of the passage regarding Skinner's position on free will?

<p>Skinner argued that free will is a dangerous illusion that should be replaced with a more scientific understanding of behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The author's use of the phrase "fascism without tears" refers to which of the following?

<p>The potential for Skinner's theories to be used for totalitarian control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Skinner's use of the Skinner Box differ from Pavlov's work?

<p>Skinner's rats actively manipulated their environment, while Pavlov's dogs passively waited for stimuli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Skinner call the principle that any behavior followed by a reward would be repeated?

<p>Operant conditioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The passage suggests that Skinner's critics were primarily concerned with which of the following?

<p>The potential for Skinner's theories to undermine the importance of individual freedom and autonomy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Skinner's theory, what is the driving force behind the repetition of behavior?

<p>Rewards or reinforcement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Skinner's work impact the field of psychology?

<p>It led to a shift towards the study of observable behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the primary difference between Skinner's and Pavlov's approach to learning?

<p>Pavlov's approach was more focused on passive learning through stimulus-response, while Skinner's approach was more focused on active learning through reinforcement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a question that arises from the idea that the slate is not blank at birth?

<p>What is the best way to teach children with pre-existing knowledge? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the term "nature-versus-nurture"?

<p>The argument about the existence of innate knowledge versus acquired knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the author's main purpose in discussing Immanuel Kant's views about women and slavery in the "Other Voices" section?

<p>To highlight the complexities of evaluating historical figures with both brilliant and problematic views. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the author's stance on the "nature-versus-nurture" debate?

<p>The author suggests that both innate predispositions and acquired experiences contribute to our understanding and development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the author's perspective on the removal of Confederate statues?

<p>The author considers the removal of Confederate statues to be a complex issue with no easy answers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information in the text, which of these statements is most likely to be TRUE regarding the "tabula rasa" theory?

<p>The &quot;tabula rasa&quot; theory is a simplistic view that fails to acknowledge the complexity of human cognition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the connection between the "Other Voices" section and the main content of the text?

<p>The &quot;Other Voices&quot; section explores the challenges of evaluating historical figures with complex legacies, which relates to the ongoing debate about innate and acquired knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the tone of the text?

<p>Objective &amp; informative, presenting different perspectives on the nature-versus-nurture debate and the complexities of evaluating historical figures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary resource do upper-class individuals rely on when faced with problems?

<p>Bank accounts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do upper-class individuals typically behave in social situations, according to studies?

<p>They exhibit more selfish behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is commonly associated with drivers of new, expensive cars in intersection studies?

<p>Cutting off other cars and pedestrians (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does thinking of oneself as upper-class have on behavior in experimental studies?

<p>It fosters selfishness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT significantly influence behaviors and attitudes according to the content?

<p>Height (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the relationship between social class and charitable behavior?

<p>Upper-class individuals tend to be less charitable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological perspective is highlighted in examining behaviors correlated with social class?

<p>Social psychology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the content suggest about the nature of people as discussed in psychological science?

<p>Behavior can vary widely among individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs when participants perceive a single light as moving back and forth when the time between flashes is reduced to about 1/5th of a second?

<p>Illusory motion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Gestalt psychology?

<p>An approach emphasizing the creation of perceptual experiences by the mind. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Sir Frederic Bartlett's findings contribute to the understanding of memory?

<p>They highlighted that memory is reconstructed using prior expectations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Wertheimer explore through his experiments with visual stimuli?

<p>Philosophical idealism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist focused on understanding cognitive development in children?

<p>Jean Piaget (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What relationship do the findings from Wertheimer's experiment and Bartlett's memory study share?

<p>Both demonstrate the influence of cognitive processes on perception and memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the statement 'the whole is more than the sum of its parts' in Gestalt psychology?

<p>Perception involves integrating sensory inputs to form a complete experience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Wertheimer's experiments with visual stimuli reveal about human perception?

<p>The mind actively interprets sensory information to create meaning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hysteria, as described in the text?

<p>Hallucinations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Freud's primary belief about the cause of hysteria?

<p>Repressed childhood experiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what is the relationship between the conscious mind and the unconscious mind?

<p>The conscious mind is a subset of the unconscious mind. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of psychoanalytic theory?

<p>Exploring the role of the unconscious in human behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Freud suggest was the key to understanding the unconscious mind?

<p>Deep diving into one's anxieties and impulses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Charcot and Janet's view of hysteria and Freud's view?

<p>Charcot and Janet focused on the conscious mind, while Freud focused on the unconscious. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the early reception of Freud's work?

<p>It was met with significant resistance and skepticism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point of the metaphor comparing the unconscious to the ocean?

<p>The conscious mind is just a small part of the larger unconscious. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hysteria

A condition with symptoms but no physical cause, like blindness or paralysis.

Unconscious

The part of the mind containing memories that are not accessible to consciousness.

Psychoanalytic theory

Freud's theory emphasizing the influence of the unconscious on behavior.

Repressed memories

Memories that are blocked from awareness due to their painful nature.

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Sigmund Freud

A Viennese physician who developed psychoanalytic theory.

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Jean-Martin Charcot

A physician who studied patients with hysteria and hypnosis effects.

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Pierre Janet

A physician who, along with Charcot, investigated hysteria and hypnosis.

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The Interpretation of Dreams

Freud's first major book, outlining his theories about dreams and the unconscious.

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Nativism

The belief that certain concepts are hard-wired into the brain at birth.

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Kant's Theory

Immanuel Kant proposed some concepts must be innate for learning.

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Tabula Rasa

The idea that individuals are born as a blank slate.

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Nature vs. Nurture

Debate on whether genetics or environment shapes knowledge.

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Innate Knowledge

Knowledge that is believed to be present at birth.

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Infant Cognitive Abilities

Newborns demonstrate basic understanding of physics and math.

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Historical Figure Controversy

Debate on how to view intellectuals with problematic views.

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Cultural Remembrance

The ongoing discussion of which historical figures to honor.

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Skinner Box

A cage designed by B.F. Skinner to study animal behavior through reinforcement.

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Reinforcement

A principle stating that behaviors rewarded will be repeated, while those not rewarded will not.

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Stimulus-Response Psychology

A psychology approach focusing solely on how stimuli evoke responses in behavior.

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Accidental Learning

When an animal learns by chance, such as discovering a lever leads to food.

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Cumulative Recorder

A device that records the frequency of behavior in real-time, invented by Skinner.

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Behaviorism

A psychological approach that focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal mental states.

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Rat Behavior Experiment

Skinner's experiments showed how rats learned to press levers to obtain food.

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Learning Mechanism

The process by which animals or humans learn through interaction with their environment.

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B.F. Skinner

A prominent psychologist known for his work on behaviorism and reinforcement theory.

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Reinforcement principle

The idea that behavior can be shaped by rewards and punishments.

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Walden II

A book by Skinner proposing a utopian society based on behavior control.

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Beyond Freedom and Dignity

Skinner's book arguing that free will is an illusion.

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Criticism of Skinner

Many opposed Skinner's views, calling his ideas dangerous and authoritarian.

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Gestalt Psychology

A school of thought emphasizing the human ability to perceive patterns and wholes.

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Max Wertheimer

A German psychologist who contributed to Gestalt psychology, particularly in motion perception.

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Behaviorism resistance

Opposition to behaviorism from some psychologists who favored other approaches.

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Upper-Class Behavior

Upper-class individuals often exhibit less generosity and trust towards others.

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Lower-Class Support

Lower-class individuals depend on relationships with family, friends, and neighbors.

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Selfishness and Class

Upper-class individuals may exhibit selfish behavior influenced by their status.

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Car Study Experiment

Drivers of new, expensive cars are more likely to disregard others at intersections.

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Influence of Class Thinking

Thinking of oneself as upper-class can lead to more selfish behavior.

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Social Class Impact

Social class affects behavior, including generosity and trust.

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Interdisciplinary Factors

Behavior is influenced by many factors, including gender and age.

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Psychology Misconceptions

People often believe psychologists can read minds, especially about thoughts.

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Illusory motion

The perception that a single light is moving back and forth due to rapid sequential flashes.

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Philosophical idealism

The idea that the mind creates understanding based on perceived data and theories.

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Frederic Bartlett

A British psychologist who demonstrated that memory is constructed and influenced by expectations.

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Constructed memory

The concept that memory is shaped by expectations and theories rather than simply recorded.

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Jean Piaget

A Swiss psychologist who studied cognitive development in children through their mistakes.

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Cognitive development

The process by which children understand and learn about their world through experiences.

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Study Notes

Chapter 1 Review

  • Psychology, a scientific study of mind and behavior, has deep philosophical roots.
  • Philosophical Dualism: The belief that mind and body are fundamentally different.
  • Philosophical Materialism: The belief that all mental events are reducible to physical processes.
  • Most modern psychologists identify as philosophical materialists.
  • Philosophical Realism: The belief that our perceptions of the physical world accurately reflect reality.
  • Philosophical Idealism: The perspective that the brain's interpretation of sensory information shapes our perception of the world.
  • Most modern psychologists are philosophical idealists.
  • Philosophical Empiricism: The idea that all knowledge comes from experience.
  • Philosophical Nativism: The perspective that some knowledge is innate (present at birth).
  • Most modern psychologists are philosophical nativists.

The Late 1800s: Toward a Science of the Mind

  • Structuralism: An approach to psychology that tried to isolate and analyze the basic elements of the mind.
  • Functionalism: A perspective influenced by Darwin's natural selection, emphasizing the adaptive functions of mental processes.

The Early 1900s: Psychoanalysis and Behaviorism

  • Sigmund Freud: Developed psychoanalysis, focusing on the unconscious mind's influence on behavior. This theory included a therapy approach called psychoanalysis.
  • A tremendously impactful theory but not widely adopted in the field of experimental psychology.
  • John Watson: Founded behaviorism, which focused on observable behaviors and rejected the study of mental processes. Behaviorism became a dominant force in experimental psychology.
  • B.F. Skinner: An influential behaviorist, whose work included operant conditioning and reinforcement.

The Early 1900s: Resistance to Behaviorism

  • Psychologists continued mentalistic research (perception, memory, etc.) despite the rise of behaviorism.
  • Social psychology explored social behaviors, stereotypes, beliefs, and attitudes as opposed to reducing all to observable behaviors.

The Late 1900s: The Cognitive Revolution

  • Noam Chomsky: Critiqued behaviorist theories of language acquisition, leading to a resurgence of interest in mental processes.
  • Advances in computer science inspired psychologists to adopt the language of information processing to study mental events.
  • Evolutionary psychology: Applied principles of evolution (natural selection) to understand human behavior.

The Early 2000s: New Frontiers

  • Cognitive Neuroscience: Studies the relationship between cognitive processes and brain activity.
  • Behavioral Neuroscience: Studies the relationship between behavior and brain activity.
  • Cultural Psychology: Explores how culture influences mental life and behavior.

Becoming a Psychologist

  • Psychology is a diverse field, with women and people from various backgrounds contributing.
  • A series of degrees (often an advanced degree, e.g. PhD) are required to become licensed as a psychologist.

How Do People Become Psychologists?

  • College students usually obtain a bachelor's degree in psychology. Further specialization and degrees can provide career paths for professional psychologists.
  • Many options exist for advanced-degree holders, such as research, teaching, or clinical practice.

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