Behavior Modification: Shaping Process Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the first step in the shaping process?

Reinforce each successive approximation

Identify the starting behavior (correct)

Define the target behavior

Choose the shaping steps

Which method is suggested to help exhibit the desired behavior?

Observation

Critique of past behavior

Instruction, modeling, or prompting (correct)

Forced practice

What should each shaping step represent in the context of shaping?

A complete version of the target behavior

A closer approximation to the target behavior (correct)

An unrelated behavior to demonstrate progress

A small variation of the undesired behavior

How should reinforcement be applied through the shaping process?

Differentiate reinforcement for each successive approximation Signup and view all the answers

What is the indication to move to the next shaping step?

After the first approximation occurs a specific number of times Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial factor in choosing the steps of shaping?

Steps are not too big Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the purpose of differential reinforcement in shaping?

To encourage successive approximations Signup and view all the answers

What must be ensured about the chosen reinforcer throughout the shaping process?

It should align with the individual's preferences Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of shaping in behavior modification?

Differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior. Signup and view all the answers

When should shaping be utilized?

To develop new dimensions of a behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What principle does differential reinforcement rely on?

Only reinforcing specific behaviors while ignoring others. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'successive approximations' refer to in the context of shaping?

Gradually reinforcing closer behaviors to the desired target behavior. Signup and view all the answers

In the example of lever pressing, which step indicates the rat's first movement toward pressing the lever?

The rat approaches the lever. Signup and view all the answers

Why might shaping be chosen over modeling or direct prompting?

Shaping can help in developing complex behaviors without prior knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a purpose of shaping in behavior modification?

To reinforce previously exhibited behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What could potentially happen if shaping is applied incorrectly?

It might lead to the reinforcement of problem behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the prompting and fading procedure?

Get the learner’s attention Signup and view all the answers

In a behavioral chain, what does each response produce?

A stimulus change Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of a behavioral chain is NOT true?

The response is the same as the SD Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of fading the prompts over trials?

To encourage unprompted responses Signup and view all the answers

What is intermittent reinforcement used for?

To maintain unprompted responsive behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What does 'SD' stand for in the context of behavior chaining?

Stimulus Discriminative Signup and view all the answers

What occurs after a correct response is prompted in the prompting and fading procedure?

The correct response is reinforced Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in the prompting and fading procedure?

Introduce new behavior chains Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of prompting in a learning trial?

To enable the correct response to occur Signup and view all the answers

What does prompt fading involve?

Gradually removing the prompt while responses are still made Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies textual behavior?

Identifying written instructions as 'Enter' Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes fading?

Removing prompts while reinforcing the correct response Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of prompts involves the gradual removal of a physical cue?

Prompt fading Signup and view all the answers

What is the desired outcome of successful stimulus control transfer?

Behavior occurs without the need for any prompts Signup and view all the answers

In the example of teaching a pottery wheel, what type of prompt fading is being utilized?

Stimulus fading Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates the use of an SD in a learning trial?

A student says 'enter' when prompted by the written word Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of prompts in behavior training?

To ensure the correct behavior can occur and be reinforced. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a response prompt?

Saying 'hit the ball' to encourage swinging a bat. Signup and view all the answers

What type of prompt involves changing an aspect of the stimulus to assist in learning?

Stimulus prompt Signup and view all the answers

Which type of prompt requires a physical gesture from another person to guide the learner?

Physical prompt Signup and view all the answers

What is critical for reinforcement to occur in behavior training with prompts?

The correct behavior must be demonstrated. Signup and view all the answers

How do prompting techniques enhance teaching efficiency?

By guiding learners towards the correct behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of extra-stimulus prompt?

Adding a tactile cue during instruction. Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates the use of a modeling prompt?

Demonstrating how to swing a bat while another person watches. Signup and view all the answers

What must happen for a prompt to be effective in eliciting a correct response?

The prompt should be paired with a strong reinforcer. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of prompts, what does 'stimulus control' refer to?

The influence of prompts on the likelihood of the correct behavior in the presence of a specific stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of task analysis?

To simplify complex tasks into individual components Signup and view all the answers

In backward chaining, which component of the task is taught first?

The last behavior in the chain Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves teaching components one at a time while chaining them together?

Forward chaining Signup and view all the answers

What should be done after presenting a prompt during training for each component?

Provide praise for the correct response Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is often used to teach the last component in a chain first?

Backward chaining Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with prompts during the training sequence?

Reduce them gradually to promote independence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way to conduct a task analysis?

Reading about the task in literature Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a stimulus-response pair in task analysis?

Having a spoon in hand and putting it in food Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Teaching New Behaviour

Course: BPY 3073
Subject: Behaviour Modification
Lecturer: Nur Hidayatul Izzati Aiman

Shaping

Definition: Differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior. Shaping is used to develop a target (desirable) behavior that a person does not currently exhibit.
Differential Reinforcement: Involves the basic principles of reinforcement and extinction. It occurs when one particular behavior is reinforced and all other behaviors are not reinforced in a particular situation. As a result, the reinforced behavior increases, and behaviors not reinforced decrease.
Successive Approximations (Shaping Steps): Building behaviors that are progressively closer to the target behavior.

Example of Lever Pressing (Shaping)

Steps in teaching a rat to press a lever through reinforcement for successive approximations.

When to Use Shaping

Developing new topographies of a behavior.
Developing new dimensions of a behavior.
Reinstate old behaviors that are not occurring.
When instructions, modeling, and prompting are ineffective.
Accidentally developing problem behaviors.

How to Use Shaping

Define the target behaviour: Identify the desired behaviour.
Is shaping the preferred procedure?: Decide if instruction, modelling or prompting are needed.
Identify the starting behaviour: The person must already exhibit the behaviour to be developed upon.
Choose the shaping steps: Each step is a closer approximation to the target behaviour. The steps should be achievable and not too big.
Move through shaping steps at a proper pace: Reinforce each successive approximation until it occurs a number of times. Then stop reinforcing the approximation and reinforce the next approximation.
Choose Reinforcer:
Differentially reinforce each successive approximation: The initial approximation must be reinforced. Reinforcement of next approximations is done when initial one is occurring consistently.

Prompting

Used to develop stimulus control (to get the right behavior to occur at the right time).
Used to develop new behaviors.
Examples:
- Teaching Trevor to hit a baseball.
- Teaching tacting or other verbal operant.
- Teaching skills to kids with autism.
- Learning new material for a class.
Definition: An antecedent stimulus or event that controls a response. A prompt gets the behavior to occur in the correct situation so the behavior can be reinforced. (S-D + prompt → R → S-R).

Types of Prompts

Response Prompts:
- Verbal prompt, Gestural prompt, Modeling prompt, Physical prompt
Stimulus Prompts:
- Change in some aspect of the SD (the prompt) making a correct response more likely. Making the SD (stimulus) more noticeable, Extra-stimulus prompts - adding another stimulus to make a correct response more likely.

Learning Trial

Presenting the SD (stimulus), prompting the correct response, and providing a reinforcer.
Prompting gets the correct response.
Fading or delay occurs to eliminate the prompt and transfer control to the SD.

Examples

Tacting: Nonverbal SD (ball) → say "ball" → get praise. (Verbal prompt: "ball").
Textual behavior: Written word "ENTER" → student → get praise (verbal Prompt "enter" → says "enter").

Transfer of Stimulus Control

Getting the behaviour to occur in the presence of the SD without prompts.
Fading is a gradual removal of a prompt while the response occurs in the presence of the SD. - Prompt Fading example: Teaching a student to use a pottery wheel to make a bowl - Stimulus Fading example: Using flashcards to learn multiplication facts

Fading

Definition: Gradual removal of a prompt while the response occurs in the presence of the SD. - Prompt fading: Gradually removing the response prompt - Stimulus fading: Gradually removing the stimulus prompt
Example: Teaching a student to use a pottery wheel to make a bowl or using flashcards to learn multiplication facts.
Fading Antecendent, Behavior, Consequence, Outcome: examples of fading a skill

Prompt Delay

Present the SD, wait X number of seconds, then present the prompt (if needed). Example: Teacher shows the word to Natasha, waits 4 seconds; if Natasha doesn't say the word, the teacher says the word as a prompt.

Using Prompting and Fading

Steps:
1. Choose the most appropriate prompt strategy.
2. Get the learner's attention.
3. Present the SD.
4. Prompt the correct response.
5. Reinforce the correct response.
6. Fade the prompts over trials.
7. Continue to reinforce unprompted responses.
8. Use intermittent reinforcement for maintenance.

Behavioural Chaining

Definition: Behavioral chain is often called stimulus response chain. Each behavior or response in the chain produces a stimulus change that acts as an SD for the next response in the chain.
Components:
- Each chain of behaviours starts with an SD.
- Each response produces the next SD.
- SDs (Stimulus Discriminative) and responses are different. (Response is an action evoked by the prior SD).
- The SD is a stimulus produced by the preceding response.(example: Eating a Bowl of Oatmeal)

Task Analysis

Definition: The process of breaking a task down into its individual stimulus-response components.
Types: Observe a competent person engage in the task, Ask an expert, Perform the task yourself.
Example: Eating a bowl of oatmeal:
- (SD1) bowl of oatmeal, spoon in hand -> (R1) put spoon in food
- (SD2) spoon in food -> (R2) scoop food onto spoon
- (SD3) food on spoon -> (R3) put food in mouth -> (SR) eat

Types of Chaining

Backward Chaining: Intensive training method for learners with limited abilities; start with the last behavior in the chain.
Forward Chaining: Teach one component at a time; chain components together using prompting and fading.
Total Task Presentation: Prompt the learner through all the steps in the chain.

Training Sequence

Present the SD.
Present prompt (verbal and physical).
Provide praise (possibly other reinforcers) for correct response.
Fade prompts (or use prompt delay).
When response occurs without prompts, move to next S-R component.
Continue steps 1-5 until done.

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Description

Test your understanding of the shaping process in behavior modification with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as differential reinforcement, successive approximations, and how to properly apply reinforcement. Ideal for students of psychology looking to deepen their knowledge of behavior modification techniques.