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Questions and Answers
What characterizes insecure anxious attachment in children?
What characterizes insecure anxious attachment in children?
What is a common reaction of infants experiencing stranger anxiety?
What is a common reaction of infants experiencing stranger anxiety?
What are the potential consequences of authoritarian parenting?
What are the potential consequences of authoritarian parenting?
What defines permissive parenting?
What defines permissive parenting?
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Which stage of Kohlberg's moral development involves self-interest and avoiding punishment?
Which stage of Kohlberg's moral development involves self-interest and avoiding punishment?
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What is an essential feature of secure attachment?
What is an essential feature of secure attachment?
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During which psychosocial development stage do individuals primarily experience trust versus mistrust?
During which psychosocial development stage do individuals primarily experience trust versus mistrust?
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What does the ecological systems theory suggest about influence on an individual?
What does the ecological systems theory suggest about influence on an individual?
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At what age can a baby typically start to crawl?
At what age can a baby typically start to crawl?
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What is the process of adapting a schema to incorporate new information called?
What is the process of adapting a schema to incorporate new information called?
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Which developmental stage, according to Piaget, involves abstract reasoning?
Which developmental stage, according to Piaget, involves abstract reasoning?
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What does the term 'object permanence' refer to in child development?
What does the term 'object permanence' refer to in child development?
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Which principle explains that properties like mass and volume remain unchanged despite changes in the form of objects?
Which principle explains that properties like mass and volume remain unchanged despite changes in the form of objects?
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What is habituaion in the context of child behavior?
What is habituaion in the context of child behavior?
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Which aspect of temperament refers to emotional reactivity and sensitivity?
Which aspect of temperament refers to emotional reactivity and sensitivity?
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What does 'inner speech' highlight according to Vygotsky's theory?
What does 'inner speech' highlight according to Vygotsky's theory?
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What does the nature vs nurture debate primarily focus on?
What does the nature vs nurture debate primarily focus on?
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What was the main conclusion from the twin studies mentioned?
What was the main conclusion from the twin studies mentioned?
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What does the social learning theory emphasize?
What does the social learning theory emphasize?
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What term describes an organism from 2 to 8 weeks of development?
What term describes an organism from 2 to 8 weeks of development?
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What are teratogens known to affect during fetal development?
What are teratogens known to affect during fetal development?
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What best describes collectivist culture?
What best describes collectivist culture?
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What is a key feature of fetal alcohol syndrome?
What is a key feature of fetal alcohol syndrome?
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What does the term 'chromosomes' refer to?
What does the term 'chromosomes' refer to?
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Study Notes
Behavior Genetics
- Behavior genetics studies genetic influences on behavior.
- Nature vs. nurture debate focuses on the relative roles of genes and environment in shaping behavior.
- Twin studies indicate environment has minimal impact on personality.
- Evolutionary psychology explains behavior through evolutionary adaptations.
- Genes (heredity) affect traits through DNA sequencing variations.
- Balyaev and Trut's fox experiment demonstrated that selective breeding can alter traits, like temperament.
- Rozenweig and Krech studied environmental effects on rat brain development.
Cultural Influences
- Culture comprises shared beliefs and practices.
- Norms are social rules guiding behavior within cultures.
- Chromosomes (46 total, 23 from each parent) carry genetic information.
- Collectivist cultures prioritize group goals, while individualistic cultures emphasize personal achievements.
- Social learning theory emphasizes learning through observation and imitation.
Developmental Stages
- Puberty is the period of sexual maturation.
- Menarche marks a female's first menstrual cycle.
- Zygote is a fertilized egg, embryo (2-8 weeks), and fetus (9 weeks-birth).
- Placenta provides nutrients to the fetus.
- Teratogens are harmful agents (chemicals, viruses) affecting fetal development.
- Fetal alcohol syndrome results from alcohol exposure during pregnancy.
- Symptoms include low birth weight, head size issues, and developmental delays.
- Automatic responses (rooting, swallowing, stepping) are important.
- Habituation is decreased responsiveness to repeated stimuli.
- Temperament describes emotional reactivity.
- Heritability measures the extent of variation in a trait attributable to genes.
- Maturation refers to biological growth processes, independent of experience.
- Developmental milestones (sitting, crawling, walking) have typical ages, but variations exist.
- Schema is a mental concept that organizes knowledge about experiences.
- Assimilation is incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
- Accommodation adjusts schemas when new information contradicts existing ones.
- Object permanence is understanding objects continue to exist when out of sight.
- Self-awareness is recognizing oneself in a mirror.
- Egocentrism is difficulty understanding others' perspectives.
- Conservation is understanding that properties are preserved despite changes in form (e.g., mass, volume).
Cognitive Development
- Theory of Mind is understanding other people's mental states.
- Inner speech (Vygotsky) helps self-regulation.
- Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years): exploring with senses and actions.
- Preoperational stage (2-7 years): using words and images, intuitive reasoning
- Concrete operational stage (7-11 years): logical thinking with concrete events.
- Formal operational stage (12+ years): abstract reasoning.
Attachment and Social Development
- Attachment styles vary regarding security to attachment figures.
- Secure, anxious, and avoidant attachment types show different behaviors in relationships.
- Stranger anxiety: fear of strangers is displayed typically around 8 months.
- Critical period: when development is most sensitive to certain stimuli.
- Imprinting facilitates the forming of attachments, typically in early life.
- Parenting styles (authoritarian, permissive, authoritative) relate to child outcomes.
- Moral Development stages (Kohlberg) are stages of increasing ethical reasoning.
Other significant factors
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): characterized by communication, social, and repetitive behavior issues.
- Cognitive abilities (Crystallized and fluid intelligence): reflect a cognitive progression over lifetime; Fluid intelligence tends to diminish with age, while crystallized intelligence reflects accumulated knowledge.
- Cross-cultural studies examine behavior variables between different cultures.
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Description
Explore the fascinating intersection of behavior genetics and cultural influences in shaping human actions and traits. This quiz delves into the nature vs. nurture debate, the role of genetics in behavior, and how cultural norms impact society. Test your understanding of these critical psychological concepts.
