Behavior Genetics and Cultural Influences

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes insecure anxious attachment in children?

  • Constant craving for acceptance and vigilance to rejection (correct)
  • A lack of interest in social connections
  • Ability to set appropriate boundaries
  • Discomfort in getting close to others

What is a common reaction of infants experiencing stranger anxiety?

  • Trust in strangers
  • Increased social interactions
  • Willingness to explore new environments
  • Fear of unfamiliar faces (correct)

What are the potential consequences of authoritarian parenting?

  • Increased aggression and responsibility
  • Higher social skills and self-reliance
  • Lower social skills and higher stress levels (correct)
  • Independence and emotional support

What defines permissive parenting?

<p>Indifference and lack of limits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Kohlberg's moral development involves self-interest and avoiding punishment?

<p>Preconventional stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential feature of secure attachment?

<p>Trust and the ability to set boundaries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which psychosocial development stage do individuals primarily experience trust versus mistrust?

<p>Infancy (0-18 months) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the ecological systems theory suggest about influence on an individual?

<p>Closer systems to the individual have greater influence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a baby typically start to crawl?

<p>8-9 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of adapting a schema to incorporate new information called?

<p>Accommodation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental stage, according to Piaget, involves abstract reasoning?

<p>Formal Operational (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'object permanence' refer to in child development?

<p>Understanding that objects continue to exist when not perceived (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle explains that properties like mass and volume remain unchanged despite changes in the form of objects?

<p>Conservation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is habituaion in the context of child behavior?

<p>Diminished response to repeated stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of temperament refers to emotional reactivity and sensitivity?

<p>Temperament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'inner speech' highlight according to Vygotsky's theory?

<p>Self-regulation in controlling behavior and emotions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the nature vs nurture debate primarily focus on?

<p>The influence of genes versus environmental factors on behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main conclusion from the twin studies mentioned?

<p>Environmental factors have no discernible impact on twins' personalities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the social learning theory emphasize?

<p>Learning through observation and imitation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes an organism from 2 to 8 weeks of development?

<p>Embryo (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are teratogens known to affect during fetal development?

<p>The overall health of the fetus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes collectivist culture?

<p>Emphasizes group goals over individual accomplishments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of fetal alcohol syndrome?

<p>It can result in learning difficulties and behavioral problems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'chromosomes' refer to?

<p>Structures carrying genetic information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Behavior Genetics

The study of how genes influence behavior.

Nature vs. Nurture

The debate about whether our genes (nature) or our environment (nurture) shapes our development.

Twin Studies

A study that examines the similarities and differences between identical and fraternal twins to understand the relative contributions of genetics and environment.

Evolutionary Psychology

A perspective that explains behavior through evolutionary adaptations, suggesting that traits that promote survival and reproduction are more likely to be passed down.

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Genes

The basic unit of heredity. They are responsible for determining traits.

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Gene Mutations

Changes in the DNA sequence that can affect gene function.

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Puberty

A period of rapid physical development and sexual maturation.

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Culture

The shared beliefs, customs, and practices of a group.

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Habituation

A newborn's ability to become less interested in a repeated stimulus, like a sound or object, but then re-engage when a new stimulus is introduced. It reflects their developing attention and cognitive processes.

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Babinski

The tendency of an infant's big toe to move upwards and other toes to fan out when the sole of the foot is stroked. It is a reflex that typically disappears by the age of 2.

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Object Permanence

The concept that objects continue to exist even when they are not being perceived. Develops around 8 months of age.

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Theory of Mind

The ability to understand that other people have their own thoughts, feelings, and perspectives that may be different from your own. This develops gradually over childhood.

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Self-Awareness

The ability to recognize oneself in a mirror, typically emerging around 18 months. It signifies the development of self-awareness.

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Conservation

The principle that certain properties of an object, like its mass or volume, remain the same even if the object's appearance changes. An important concept in development.

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Egocentrism

The ability to understand that there are different perspectives and understand that someone else may have a different viewpoint from you. This develops gradually over childhood.

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Accommodation

The process of adapting existing schemes to incorporate new information. This is an essential aspect of learning and cognitive development.

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Authoritarian Parenting

A parenting style characterized by strict rules, high expectations, and little room for negotiation. Children raised this way may develop lower self-esteem and struggle with social skills.

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Critical Period

A period in early development when an organism is particularly susceptible to certain stimuli or experiences. This is crucial for proper development.

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Imprinting

The tendency for infants to develop strong attachments to the first person or animal they see after birth. This is common in birds, but NOT in humans.

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Permissive Parenting

A parenting style characterized by a lack of rules, limits, or expectations. Children raised this way may be impulsive, have trouble with self-control, and lack independence.

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Insecure Anxious Attachment

A type of attachment marked by a child's desire for closeness and anxiety about possible rejection. They may experience social difficulties and become hyper-vigilant.

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Insecure Avoidant Attachment

A type of attachment characterized by a child's avoidance of closeness and a fear of intimacy. They may have trouble with commitment and experience more conflict in relationships.

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Secure Attachment

A type of attachment marked by trust, empathy, and healthy boundaries within relationships. This leads to stronger social connections and self-reliance.

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Stranger Anxiety

A child's fear of unfamiliar people. This is normal and develops around 8 months of age as infants learn to distinguish familiar faces.

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Study Notes

Behavior Genetics

  • Behavior genetics studies genetic influences on behavior.
  • Nature vs. nurture debate focuses on the relative roles of genes and environment in shaping behavior.
  • Twin studies indicate environment has minimal impact on personality.
  • Evolutionary psychology explains behavior through evolutionary adaptations.
  • Genes (heredity) affect traits through DNA sequencing variations.
  • Balyaev and Trut's fox experiment demonstrated that selective breeding can alter traits, like temperament.
  • Rozenweig and Krech studied environmental effects on rat brain development.

Cultural Influences

  • Culture comprises shared beliefs and practices.
  • Norms are social rules guiding behavior within cultures.
  • Chromosomes (46 total, 23 from each parent) carry genetic information.
  • Collectivist cultures prioritize group goals, while individualistic cultures emphasize personal achievements.
  • Social learning theory emphasizes learning through observation and imitation.

Developmental Stages

  • Puberty is the period of sexual maturation.
  • Menarche marks a female's first menstrual cycle.
  • Zygote is a fertilized egg, embryo (2-8 weeks), and fetus (9 weeks-birth).
  • Placenta provides nutrients to the fetus.
  • Teratogens are harmful agents (chemicals, viruses) affecting fetal development.
  • Fetal alcohol syndrome results from alcohol exposure during pregnancy.
  • Symptoms include low birth weight, head size issues, and developmental delays.
  • Automatic responses (rooting, swallowing, stepping) are important.
  • Habituation is decreased responsiveness to repeated stimuli.
  • Temperament describes emotional reactivity.
  • Heritability measures the extent of variation in a trait attributable to genes.
  • Maturation refers to biological growth processes, independent of experience.
  • Developmental milestones (sitting, crawling, walking) have typical ages, but variations exist.
  • Schema is a mental concept that organizes knowledge about experiences.
  • Assimilation is incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
  • Accommodation adjusts schemas when new information contradicts existing ones.
  • Object permanence is understanding objects continue to exist when out of sight.
  • Self-awareness is recognizing oneself in a mirror.
  • Egocentrism is difficulty understanding others' perspectives.
  • Conservation is understanding that properties are preserved despite changes in form (e.g., mass, volume).

Cognitive Development

  • Theory of Mind is understanding other people's mental states.
  • Inner speech (Vygotsky) helps self-regulation.
  • Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years): exploring with senses and actions.
  • Preoperational stage (2-7 years): using words and images, intuitive reasoning
  • Concrete operational stage (7-11 years): logical thinking with concrete events.
  • Formal operational stage (12+ years): abstract reasoning.

Attachment and Social Development

  • Attachment styles vary regarding security to attachment figures.
  • Secure, anxious, and avoidant attachment types show different behaviors in relationships.
  • Stranger anxiety: fear of strangers is displayed typically around 8 months.
  • Critical period: when development is most sensitive to certain stimuli.
  • Imprinting facilitates the forming of attachments, typically in early life.
  • Parenting styles (authoritarian, permissive, authoritative) relate to child outcomes.
  • Moral Development stages (Kohlberg) are stages of increasing ethical reasoning.

Other significant factors

  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): characterized by communication, social, and repetitive behavior issues.
  • Cognitive abilities (Crystallized and fluid intelligence): reflect a cognitive progression over lifetime; Fluid intelligence tends to diminish with age, while crystallized intelligence reflects accumulated knowledge.
  • Cross-cultural studies examine behavior variables between different cultures.

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