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Questions and Answers
In a behavior chain, each ______ produces a stimulus change that functions as conditioned reinforcement for that response.
In a behavior chain, each ______ produces a stimulus change that functions as conditioned reinforcement for that response.
response
In a behavior chain, reinforcement for the last response maintains the reinforcing effectiveness of the stimulus changes produced by all previous ______.
In a behavior chain, reinforcement for the last response maintains the reinforcing effectiveness of the stimulus changes produced by all previous ______.
responses
A key characteristic of a behavior chain includes a stimulus change that yields conditioned reinforcement for the ______ response and serves as a discriminative stimulus for the next response.
A key characteristic of a behavior chain includes a stimulus change that yields conditioned reinforcement for the ______ response and serves as a discriminative stimulus for the next response.
preceding
One factor affecting the performance of behavior chains is the completeness of the ______ analysis. A chain is more difficult to learn if the elements are not sequenced appropriately.
One factor affecting the performance of behavior chains is the completeness of the ______ analysis. A chain is more difficult to learn if the elements are not sequenced appropriately.
Two key points when attempting to develop a task analysis are that planning must occur before training and training should begin with the expectation that ______ or more intrusive prompts may be needed.
Two key points when attempting to develop a task analysis are that planning must occur before training and training should begin with the expectation that ______ or more intrusive prompts may be needed.
Introducing all possible variations of the discriminative stimulus the learner will encounter is an example of managing ______ variation to improve the performance of behavior chains.
Introducing all possible variations of the discriminative stimulus the learner will encounter is an example of managing ______ variation to improve the performance of behavior chains.
When stimulus variations occur within a behavior chain, ______ variations must also occur to produce the same effect.
When stimulus variations occur within a behavior chain, ______ variations must also occur to produce the same effect.
If an SD (discriminative stimulus) and response are occurring out of sequence in a behavior chain, the sequences should be reexamined and ______ to address problematic responding.
If an SD (discriminative stimulus) and response are occurring out of sequence in a behavior chain, the sequences should be reexamined and ______ to address problematic responding.
To mitigate confusion when similar SDs (discriminative stimuli) evoke an incorrect response, practitioners can rearrange the problematic ______.
To mitigate confusion when similar SDs (discriminative stimuli) evoke an incorrect response, practitioners can rearrange the problematic ______.
When irrelevant SDs (discriminative stimuli) in the natural setting control responding, it is important to teach the learner to discriminate relevant critical components from irrelevant ones via ______ training.
When irrelevant SDs (discriminative stimuli) in the natural setting control responding, it is important to teach the learner to discriminate relevant critical components from irrelevant ones via ______ training.
[Blank] occurs when reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued.
[Blank] occurs when reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued.
When the form of ______ matches the function of the problem behavior, the intervention is usually effective.
When the form of ______ matches the function of the problem behavior, the intervention is usually effective.
To identify extinction, practitioners should withhold the ______ for a previously reinforced behavior.
To identify extinction, practitioners should withhold the ______ for a previously reinforced behavior.
When using extinction, a decreasing response rate should be a result under an extinction ______.
When using extinction, a decreasing response rate should be a result under an extinction ______.
Extinction should be explained as the functional relation between withholding reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior and the resultant diminishing ______ of response.
Extinction should be explained as the functional relation between withholding reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior and the resultant diminishing ______ of response.
When describing a diminishing conditioned rate of response for call-outs during treatment, the behavior is described as a ______ process.
When describing a diminishing conditioned rate of response for call-outs during treatment, the behavior is described as a ______ process.
Decreased call-outs is an example of a principle of ______ when an experimental analysis demonstrates a functional relation between the extinction procedure and the decreased occurrence of the behavior.
Decreased call-outs is an example of a principle of ______ when an experimental analysis demonstrates a functional relation between the extinction procedure and the decreased occurrence of the behavior.
Lack of behavior is attributed to ______ only if attempts to perform the behavior no longer produces reinforcement.
Lack of behavior is attributed to ______ only if attempts to perform the behavior no longer produces reinforcement.
[Blank] extinction is a function-based form of extinction that describes a procedure for implementing it.
[Blank] extinction is a function-based form of extinction that describes a procedure for implementing it.
Response blocking may be confused with extinction with some behaviors because an extinction procedure would allow the behavior, but the responses would not produce the reinforcing ______.
Response blocking may be confused with extinction with some behaviors because an extinction procedure would allow the behavior, but the responses would not produce the reinforcing ______.
Behaviors maintained by positive reinforcement are placed on extinction when those behaviors do not produce the ______.
Behaviors maintained by positive reinforcement are placed on extinction when those behaviors do not produce the ______.
Behaviors maintained by negative reinforcement are placed on extinction when those behaviors do not produce a removal of the ______ stimulus; this is also called escape extinction.
Behaviors maintained by negative reinforcement are placed on extinction when those behaviors do not produce a removal of the ______ stimulus; this is also called escape extinction.
Behaviors maintained by automatic reinforcement are placed on extinction by masking or removing the sensory ______; also called sensory extinction.
Behaviors maintained by automatic reinforcement are placed on extinction by masking or removing the sensory ______; also called sensory extinction.
The immediate increase in rate of response after removing the positive, negative, or automatic reinforcement is called an ______ burst and is a common effect of the extinction procedure.
The immediate increase in rate of response after removing the positive, negative, or automatic reinforcement is called an ______ burst and is a common effect of the extinction procedure.
Behaviors tend to worsen during ______ before they show improvement.
Behaviors tend to worsen during ______ before they show improvement.
Diverse and novel forms of behavior may be observed during extinction, which is called extinction-induced ______.
Diverse and novel forms of behavior may be observed during extinction, which is called extinction-induced ______.
The reappearance of a behavior after it has diminished to its pre-reinforcement level or stopped entirely is known as ______ recovery.
The reappearance of a behavior after it has diminished to its pre-reinforcement level or stopped entirely is known as ______ recovery.
The reoccurrence of a previously reinforced behavior when the reinforcement for an alternative behavior is terminated or decreased describes the effect of ______.
The reoccurrence of a previously reinforced behavior when the reinforcement for an alternative behavior is terminated or decreased describes the effect of ______.
Placing a behavior on extinction may evoke other emotional or ______ behaviors.
Placing a behavior on extinction may evoke other emotional or ______ behaviors.
Continued responding during an extinction procedure describes ______ to extinction.
Continued responding during an extinction procedure describes ______ to extinction.
Intermittent reinforcement may produce behavior with greater resistance to extinction than behaviors previously reinforced by ______ reinforcement.
Intermittent reinforcement may produce behavior with greater resistance to extinction than behaviors previously reinforced by ______ reinforcement.
Resistance to extinction is greater when extinction is carried out under [blank] motivation than under low motivation.
Resistance to extinction is greater when extinction is carried out under [blank] motivation than under low motivation.
A behavior may have more resistance to extinction than a behavior with a shorter history of reinforcement if it has a long history of ______.
A behavior may have more resistance to extinction than a behavior with a shorter history of reinforcement if it has a long history of ______.
With each successive application of extinction, decreases in behavior become increasingly ______.
With each successive application of extinction, decreases in behavior become increasingly ______.
A response requiring greater effort diminishes more quickly during extinction than a response requiring less ______.
A response requiring greater effort diminishes more quickly during extinction than a response requiring less ______.
The effectiveness of ______ depends on the correct identification of the consequences that maintain the problem behavior.
The effectiveness of ______ depends on the correct identification of the consequences that maintain the problem behavior.
Identifying and withholding just one source of reinforcement may have minimal or no effect on ______.
Identifying and withholding just one source of reinforcement may have minimal or no effect on ______.
Effectiveness of extinction may increase when it is combined with other procedures that increase the reinforcement of ______ behaviors.
Effectiveness of extinction may increase when it is combined with other procedures that increase the reinforcement of ______ behaviors.
Extinction is often combined with differential reinforcement and antecedent procedures, which may reduce extinction bursts and ______.
Extinction is often combined with differential reinforcement and antecedent procedures, which may reduce extinction bursts and ______.
Extinction-produced aggression must not produce ______ in order to reduce problem behaviors.
Extinction-produced aggression must not produce ______ in order to reduce problem behaviors.
For extinction to be maximally effective, it is important that significant others in the environment do not reinforce undesirable ______.
For extinction to be maximally effective, it is important that significant others in the environment do not reinforce undesirable ______.
Flashcards
Behavior Chain
Behavior Chain
A linked sequence of responses leading to a terminal outcome.
Response-Stimulus Function
Response-Stimulus Function
Each response produces a stimulus change that functions as conditioned reinforcement and a discriminative stimulus.
Behavior Chain Characteristic
Behavior Chain Characteristic
Involves performance of a specific series of discrete responses.
Factors Affecting Behavior Chains
Factors Affecting Behavior Chains
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Extinction
Extinction
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Extinction Application
Extinction Application
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Using extinction to identify
Using extinction to identify
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Extinction as a Process
Extinction as a Process
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Extinction of + Reinforcement
Extinction of + Reinforcement
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Extinction of - Reinforcement
Extinction of - Reinforcement
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Automatic Reinforcement Extinction
Automatic Reinforcement Extinction
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Extinction Burst
Extinction Burst
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Response Variation
Response Variation
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Spontaneous Recovery
Spontaneous Recovery
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Resurgence
Resurgence
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Resistance to Extinction
Resistance to Extinction
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Intermittent Reinforcement Factor
Intermittent Reinforcement Factor
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Extinction of Behavior Maintained by Positive(reinforcement)
Extinction of Behavior Maintained by Positive(reinforcement)
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Maintain Extinction Decreased Behavior
Maintain Extinction Decreased Behavior
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Guard Against Unintentional
Guard Against Unintentional
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Study Notes
Behavior Chain
- A behavior chain is a sequence of linked responses that leads to a terminal outcome
- Each response in the chain produces a stimulus change
- The stimulus change acts as a conditioned reinforcement for that response
- The stimulus change is also a discriminative stimulus (SD) for the next response in the chain
- Reinforcement for the very last response in the chain
- Reinforcement maintains the reinforcing effectiveness of the stimulus changes produced by all previous responses in the chain
Important Characteristics of a Behavior Chain
- Performing a specific series of discrete responses
- Each behavior leads to a stimulus change yielding reinforcement
- The stimulus change serves as a discriminative stimulus
- Responses must be performed in a specific sequence
- Responses have to be performed in close temporal succession
Factors Affecting the Performance of Behavior Chains
- Completeness of the task analysis affects the performance of behavior chains
- Learning the chain may be difficult if the elements are not sequenced appropriately
- Difficulty can also arise if corresponding discriminative stimuli are not identified for each response
- Planning must occur before training when developing a task analysis
- Begin training expecting that adjustments or more intrusive prompts may be needed
- Longer or more complex behavior chains will take more time to learn
- A chain is maintained if its schedule of reinforcement is appropriate
- The number of responses in a chain may need consideration when defining reinforcement schedule
- Introduce all possible variations of the discriminative stimulus that the learner will encounter
- When stimulus variations occur, response variation must also occur to produce the same effect
How SDs Might Lead to Problematic Responding
- The SD and response might occur out of sequence; reexamine present sequences and rearrange them as needed if wrong
- Similar SDs might evoke an incorrect response; rearrange problematic SDs to mitigate confusion
- Irrelevant SDs might control responding; discrimination training helps learners discriminate relevant components from irrelevant ones
- SDs in the natural setting could differ from those in training; incorporate natural SDs and conduct training in the natural environment
- Novel stimuli may interfere with responding; incorporate these stimuli into training and conduct discrimination training
Extinction
- Extinction occurs when reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued; the occurrence of that specific behavior decreases in the future
- Extinction does not prevent the target behvaior from occurring; it terminates the response-reinforcer realtion
- If extinction is used, its form matches the function of the problem behavior
Misuses of a Technical Term
- Extinction should be used to identify withholding reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior
- Extinction should describe a decreasing response rate under an extinction procedure
- Extinction describes the functional relation between withholding reinforcement and a diminishing response rate
- It should not be used to refer to any decrease in behavior
- Do not confuse forgetting, response blocking, sensory extinction, or noncontingent reinforcement with extinction
Extinction Semantics Examples
- Extinction can refer to a behavior change procedure
- Extinction can be used to refer to a behavioral process
- Extinction can refer to a principle of behavior
Extinction by Type of Reinforcement
- Behaviors maintained by positive reinforcement are put on extinction when these behaviors do not produce the reinforcer
- Behaviors maintained by negative reinforcement are put on extinction when these behaviors do not produce a removal of the aversive stimulus
- Also called escape extinction; the person cannot escape the aversive situation
- Behaviors maintained by automatic reinforcement are placed on extinction by masking or removing the sensory consequence (Vollmer & Athens, 2011)
- Also called sensory extinction
Secondary Effects of Extinction
- Extinction burst happens when there is an immediate increase in the rate of response after removing positive, negative, or automatic reinforcement
- Extinction burst is a common effect
- Problem behaviors can worsen during extinction before improving
- Response variation includes diverse and novel forms of behavior observed during extinction (Kinloch, Foster, & McEwan, 2009; Peleg, Martin, & Hoth, 2017)
- Response variation is called extinction-induced variability
- Initial increase in response magnitude can occur in early stages of extinction
- Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of the behavior after it has diminished to its pre-reinforcement level or stopped entirely
- It is short-lived and limited if extinction remains in effect; the behavior recurs, even though it does not produce reinforcement
- Resurgence involves the reoccurrence of a previously reinforced behavior when reinforcement for an alternative behavior is terminated or decreased
- A three-phase procedure produces that effect
- First the target behavior is reinforced
- Second the target behavior is placed on extinction and reinforcement provided for an alternative behavior
- Third both responses are placed on extinction
- Emotional outbursts and aggression may happen
Resistance to Extinction
- Resistance to extinction includes continued responding during an extinction procedure
- Three measures of resistance to extinction: declining rate of response, total count of responses before responding stops, duration of time for the behavior to reach a predetermined criterion
Continuous and Intermittent Reinforcement
- Intermittent reinforcement may produce behavior with greater resistance to extinction than behaviors previously reinforced by continuous reinforcement
- Some intermittent schedules may produce more persistent responding
- The thinner the schedule of reinforcement, the greater the resistance
Factors affecting resistance to extinction:
- The strength of the establishing operation above the minimum level will influence resistance; resistance to extinction will be greater when extinction is carried out under high motivation
- A behavior with a long history of reinforcement may have more resistance than one with a shorter history
- The reinforcer’s magnitude and quality potentially influence resistance
- Successive conditioning applications and extinction may influence resistance
- When this happens, reapply the extinction procedure
- Behavior diminishes with fewer total responses during a reapplication
- With each successive application, decreases in behavior become increasingly rapid
- A response requiring greater effort is more easily diminished
How to Use Extinction Effectively
- Withhold all reinforcers that are maintaining the problem behavior
- Effectiveness depends on correctly identifying consequences maintaining the problem behavior
- Behaviors are maintained by several reinforcement sources; identifying and withholding one may have minimal effect
- Consistency is necessary for extinction; behavior may be placed on an intermittent schedule of reinforcement, making it more resistant
- Always consider combining extinction with other treatments, especially reinforcement of alternative behaviors
- Extinction effectiveness may increase with other procedures, such as differential reinforcement and antecedent procedures, that can reduce extinction bursts and aggression
- Behaviors sometimes diminish more quickly when practitioners describe the procedure to clients
- Plan for extinction-produced aggression; infrequent behaviors may become prominent
- These behaviors are often emotional and aggressive
- Critical that extinction-produced aggression not produce reinforcement
- Increasing the number of trials improves efficiency by accelerating the process when increased occurrences of the problem behavior are tolerated
- Include significant others by ensuring they do not reinforce undesirable behavior
- Permanent application of extinction is preferred for escape, attention, and sensory extinction
- Avoid unintentional extinction of desirable behaviors by continuing reinforcement
When Not to Use Extinction
- The behavior is harmful
- All sources of reinforcement cannot be withheld
- A rapid reduction in response rate is required
- Others are likely to imitate the problem behavior
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