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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a deliverable of a project?

  • Project Plan
  • Risk Management (correct)
  • The IT Solution
  • Business Case
  • What is one key principle of Scientific Management?

  • Breaking down tasks to identify efficient methods (correct)
  • Maximizing the satisfaction of worker needs
  • Focusing on the emotional well-being of staff
  • Emphasizing teamwork and collaboration
  • What aspect did Taylor's Scientific Management largely overlook?

  • The efficiency of workflows
  • The economic impact of management
  • Human factors and worker motivation (correct)
  • The analysis of production data
  • What is the primary definition of quality in project quality management?

    <p>Meeting customer needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which TQM guru developed a set of 14 Points for Quality Management?

    <p>W. Edwards Deming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In project quality management, what does 'grade' focus on?

    <p>The intent of the design (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Joseph Juran is known for introducing which of the following concepts?

    <p>The Quality Trilogy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is quality management planning important in a project?

    <p>It ensures that proper time is allocated for testing and compliance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one result of the labor practices emphasized by Scientific Management?

    <p>Increased formation of labor unions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does quality assurance play in project quality management?

    <p>Auditing to ensure adherence to quality management processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach emphasizes making management decisions based on facts rather than intuition?

    <p>Total Quality Management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should quality standards be determined in project quality management?

    <p>Through collaboration with customers and stakeholders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be documented in a project quality plan?

    <p>Quality standards, processes, metrics, and tools (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Deming and Juran contribute to Japan's manufacturing reputation after WWII?

    <p>Through the introduction of systematic quality management principles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of quality management is concerned with identifying best practices for continuous improvement?

    <p>Lessons Learned Documentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might a project team have to consider regarding quality standards?

    <p>Sacrificing quality for faster product delivery may appeal to customers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a mature software organization?

    <p>Processes are defined and communicated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a quality dimension that can serve as a standard for software products?

    <p>Frugality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the purposes of establishing metrics in a mature software organization?

    <p>To gauge quality and identify defects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which CMMI level are basic policies and processes for managing a software project established?

    <p>Level 2: Repeatable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes Level 1: Initial in CMMI?

    <p>Processes are ad hoc and reactive. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a mature software organization utilize past projects?

    <p>To establish budgets and schedules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of a customer-driven quality assurance plan?

    <p>Identifying and translating customer requirements into metrics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a reactive project environment?

    <p>Processes are ad hoc and decisions are made in response to crises. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus of the Level 5 software process maturity?

    <p>Continuous process improvement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which key process area is NOT associated with Level 3 of software maturity?

    <p>Process Change Management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Project Quality Management Plan primarily aim to achieve?

    <p>Ensure adherence to customer-defined quality standards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which key principle emphasizes prevention over inspection in quality management?

    <p>Defect Prevention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which level is Software Configuration Management a key process area?

    <p>Level 2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is focused on measuring and assessing productivity and quality?

    <p>Quantitative Process Management (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a fundamental aspect of quality philosophies in project management?

    <p>Quality is everyone's responsibility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of corrective action when non-conformances are identified?

    <p>Ensure compliance with standards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are standards primarily established to provide?

    <p>Technical specifications for ensuring product purpose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of metric mentioned?

    <p>Financial metrics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the measurement of defects in processes used for product development?

    <p>Process metrics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of metric addresses the 'fitness for use' of project deliverables?

    <p>Project metrics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as a failure to comply with a requirement in the context of software development?

    <p>Defect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following metrics focuses on the characteristics of a project's final product?

    <p>Product metrics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In quality assurance, what is the purpose of auditing and evaluating quality control measurements?

    <p>To establish operational definitions and standards (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'bug' commonly refer to in software development?

    <p>A defect that causes system failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of verification in a project?

    <p>Assessing whether the product meets specified requirements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of review focuses on the conformance of the IT solution to specified requirements?

    <p>Technical review (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a management review primarily compare?

    <p>The project's actual progress against the baseline project plan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of validation in project management?

    <p>To confirm the system meets customer or client's expectations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common type of testing used to support validation?

    <p>Systematic Testing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Control Charts primarily indicate about a process?

    <p>The variability of a particular process over time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the project manager during the management review?

    <p>Presenting the project's progress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a business review in project management?

    <p>To confirm the IT solution provides required functionality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Project Quality Management (PQM)

    The processes and activities that determine quality policies, objectives, and responsibilities for a project to meet its needs.

    Quality

    Fitness for use (meeting customer needs) and conformance to requirements (meeting predefined standards).

    Quality Grade

    Focuses on the design's intent and the degree of functionality.

    Quality Management Planning

    Defining quality requirements, documenting compliance methods, and allocating time/budget for testing.

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    Quality Assurance

    Auditing processes to ensure adherence to the quality management plan and collecting metrics.

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    Quality Requirements

    Standards essential for the project and the product.

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    Project Quality Plan

    Document containing quality standards, processes, metrics, and tools to measure adherence.

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    Tolerances for quality

    Allowable variations from the quality standards for a project.

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    Mature Software Organization

    An organization with well-defined software processes, consistent across projects, and continuously improved based on experience.

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    Software Process

    A defined set of steps and activities involved in creating software.

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    Quality Attributes

    Measurable characteristics of a software product, like reliability, usability, and performance.

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    CMMI Level 1

    An immature organization with ad-hoc processes and project success dependent on individuals rather than processes.

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    CMMI Level 2

    A software organization with basic processes and policies to manage projects, enabling repeatable success across teams.

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    Quality Metrics

    Measurements used to gauge software quality by defining tolerances and detecting defects.

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    Project Deliverables

    Specific outputs or items (e.g., software, documentation) of a software project.

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    Customer-Driven Quality Assurance

    Quality plan prioritizing customer requirements as quality attributes, then translating those into quantifiable metrics.

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    PQM

    Project Quality Management; a management approach encompassing both project deliverables and processes.

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    Project Processes

    The activities undertaken to achieve project deliverables (e.g., scope management, risk management, requirements analysis).

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    Scientific Management

    A management theory examining workflow to improve efficiency by breaking down tasks and optimizing each subtask.

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    W. Edwards Deming

    A quality management guru known for the 14 Points on Quality Management, emphasizing worker training and statistical methods.

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    Total Quality Management (TQM)

    A management approach aiming to improve quality and productivity throughout an organization.

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    Quality Trilogy

    A framework for quality management, encompassing planning, improvement, and control.

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    Japan's Post-WWII Quality Issues

    After WWII, Japan struggled with a reputation for inferior products, necessitating a focus on improving their manufactured goods to export success.

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    Software Configuration Management

    A process for controlling changes to software throughout the development lifecycle

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    Software Quality Assurance

    Ensuring that software meets quality standards and requirements

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    Project Quality Management Plan

    A plan that outlines how quality is ensured in project deliverables and processes

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    Quality Philosophies

    Beliefs and principles related to the pursuit of quality, emphasizing customer satisfaction and process improvement

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    Software Project Tracking and Oversight

    The process of monitoring project progress and ensuring that it aligns with plans and objectives

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    Software Project Planning

    Development and management of plans to achieve software project goals

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    Requirements Management

    Managing and evolving the requirements for a software project throughout its lifecycle

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    Quantifiable/Predictable Processes

    Software processes and products for which metrics for measurement, assessment, and estimation of productivity and quality can be established

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    Quality Standards

    Documented agreements, protocols, or rules outlining technical specifications or criteria for products, services, processes, or materials to meet their intended purpose.

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    Process Metrics

    Measurements of defects introduced by processes involved in creating deliverables.

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    Product Metrics

    Metrics that describe intrinsic quality of deliverables, and the final product, like Mean Time To Failure (MTTF).

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    Project Metrics

    Metrics used to determine if software or project deliverables meet 'fitness for use' and 'requirements conformance'.

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    Defect

    An undesirable behavior of a product or process.

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    Software Bug

    A defect in software that causes a computer system to malfunction during operation.

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    Verification/Validation

    Activities ensuring project deliverables function as planned and meet intended scope as defined.

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    Verification

    Ensuring project activities follow correct procedures to meet requirements before final testing.

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    Verification Reviews

    Technical, Business, and Management reviews to ensure project adheres to standards, functionality, and progress.

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    Technical Review

    Ensuring IT solution meets specified requirements, like GUI standards, coding, and documentation.

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    Validation

    Determining if the system meets customer expectations and performs as intended.

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    Validation Testing

    Testing approaches (unit, integration, systems, acceptance) to confirm if the system meets customer needs.

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    Quality Control

    Monitoring project quality activities to eliminate issues and improve processes.

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    Control Charts

    Visual tools like control charts to track process behavior over time (in product-related quality control activities).

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    Control Limits

    The boundaries in a control chart that indicate acceptable process variability.

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    Study Notes

    Project Quality Management

    • Quality is defined as "fitness for use" and "conformance to requirements", encompassing dependability and safety alongside functionality.
    • Project teams must collaborate with stakeholders to establish acceptable quality standards and grades.
    • Grade focuses on the intent of the design, while quality considers functionality and performance. High functionality doesn't guarantee high quality, and vice-versa.
    • Project Quality Management (PQM) encompasses processes & activities ensuring project objectives are met.
    • PQM starts by defining quality standards (grades & tolerances). Consider if customers/users will prioritize speed over product quality.
    • Project Quality Planning involves identifying critical requirements, documenting adherence, and allocating resources for testing.

    Project Quality Management Planning

    • Quality Management Planning documents compliance metrics, processes, & methods for quality assurance.
    • Plans should include adequate time and budget allocation for quality processes.
    • Quality Assurance focuses on auditing compliance with the quality management plan and tracking improvement metrics.

    Scientific Management

    • Scientific Management (Taylorism) analyzes workflows to maximize efficiency.
    • Taylor emphasized worker specialization and task simplification to boost productivity, but also efficiency.
    • Believed increased efficiency would lead to higher profits.

    Total Quality Management (TQM) Gurus

    • W. Edwards Deming: Developed 14 points for quality management; his focus was on applying statistical methods to avoid costly inspections and boost quality by empowering workers.
    • Joseph Juran: Introduced "Quality Trilogy" to focus on managing quality planning, improvement, and control.
    • Philip Crosby: Emphasized a top-down approach where management sets the quality example for others to follow, and that quality is primarily conformance to specifications.

    Capability Maturity Model Integrated (CMMI)

    • CMMI is a framework for developing & refining software development processes.
    • It defines five maturity levels, progressing from improvised (initial) to optimizing (highest) stages.
    • Level 1 (Initial): Characterized by reactive processes and project success hinging on individual contributors.
    • Level 2 (Repeatable): Processes are documented, but lack standardization and consistency.
    • Level 3 (Defined): Standardized processes are established, leading to greater efficiency and consistency.
    • Level 4 (Managed): Quantitative data is used to monitor and improve process metrics, resulting in predictable outcomes.
    • Level 5 (Optimizing): Continuous process improvements are the focus, using data analysis to constantly refine systems.

    Project Quality Management Plan

    • A Project Quality Plan guides organizations towards creating superior products/services.
    • The plan outlines acceptable quality levels, methodologies for achieving them, and roles/responsibilities.
    • The plan should identify quality philosophies & principles, relevant quality standards, processes, and metrics.

    Quality Control and Additional Quality Control Tools

    • Quality control focuses on identifying & fixing quality issues.
    • Tools like flowcharts/process maps can be useful to track/identify/solve problems/bottlenecks in a process.

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