BCSP Supplied Equations for Mechanics
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Questions and Answers

What is the formula to calculate the frictional force?

  • F = N/μ
  • F = N*D
  • F = μ/D
  • F = μN (correct)

    • What is the formula to calculate the displacement of an object?

  • s = vot + at
  • s = vot - at^2/2
  • s = vot - at
  • s = vot + at^2/2 (correct)

    • What is the formula to calculate the kinetic energy of an object?

  • K.E. = m/v^2
  • K.E. = mv^2/2 (correct)
  • K.E. = v^2/2m
  • K.E. = mv^2

    • What is the formula to calculate the potential energy of an object due to gravity?

    <p>P.E. = mgh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the final velocity of an object?

    <p>v^2 = vo^2 + 2as</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the force?

    <p>F = ma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the potential energy of an elastic object?

    <p>P.E. = kx^2/2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the work done by a force?

    <p>F1D1 = F2D2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the spring constant k?

    <p>N/m²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the momentum of an object?

    <p>ρ = mv</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the work done on or to an object due to gravity?

    <p>Joules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the Lifting Index (LI)?

    <p>LI = L/RWL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the heat stress index in indoor environments?

    <p>0.7 WB + 0.3 GT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for converting parts per million (ppm) to milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m³)?

    <p>ppm = mg/m³ × 24.45 / MW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the threshold limit value (TLV) of a chemical mixture?

    <p>TLV = f1 TLV1 + f2 TLV2 + … + fn TLVn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the ideal gas law?

    <p>PV = nRT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the volumetric flow rate (Q) of a ventilation system?

    <p>Q = VA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the static pressure of the hood (SPh)?

    <p>SPh = VP + he</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the coefficient of entry loss?

    <p>Ce = VP / SPh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the total pressure in a ventilation system?

    <p>TP = SP + VP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the velocity of air in a ventilation system?

    <p>V = Q / 10x2 + A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the effective rate of ventilation corrected for incomplete mixing?

    <p>Q' = Q / K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the concentration at a given time in a ventilation system?

    <p>C = G / (Q / K)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the future value of money in engineering economy?

    <p>F = P * (1 + i)^n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the present worth of money in engineering economy?

    <p>P = F / (1 + i)^n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the probability of failure in reliability?

    <p>Pf = 1 - R(t)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the sound intensity in a noise system?

    <p>I = p^2 / ρc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the reliability of a system?

    <p>R(t) = e^(-λt)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of Wo in the equation Lw = 10 log(W/Wo)?

    <p>10^(-12) W</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the equation T = 8(L-90)/5?

    <p>To calculate the time allowed for exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of p in the equation Lp = 20 log(p/po)?

    <p>N/m2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation dB1 = dBo - 20 log10(d1/do) used for?

    <p>To calculate the sound pressure level at a given distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of A in the equation NR = 12.6Pα/(1.4A)?

    <p>Square inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation I2 = I1(d2/d1)2 used for?

    <p>To calculate the intensity of radiation at different distances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation I = Io e^(-μx) used for?

    <p>To calculate the intensity of radiation at different distances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation W = 16P/πD2 used for?

    <p>To calculate the power density of non-ionizing radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation GP = 4πA/λ used for?

    <p>To calculate the gain of an antenna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of Lpt in the equation Lpt = 10 log ∑ 10(Lpi/10)?

    <p>dB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a force of 20 N is applied to an object and the coefficient of friction is 0.5, what is the frictional force?

    <p>10 N</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An object is moving with an initial velocity of 5 m/s and accelerates at 2 m/s² for 3 seconds. What is its final velocity?

    <p>11 m/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 2 kg object is lifted 5 meters above the ground. What is the potential energy of the object?

    <p>98 J</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An object travels 10 meters in 2 seconds with an acceleration of 4 m/s². What is its initial velocity?

    <p>2 m/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 5 kg object is moving with a velocity of 10 m/s. What is its kinetic energy?

    <p>250 J</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A force of 30 N is applied to an object, causing it to move 5 meters. What is the work done by the force?

    <p>150 J</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An elastic object has a spring constant of 100 N/m. If it is stretched by 0.5 meters, what is its potential energy?

    <p>12.5 J</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An object is moving with an initial velocity of 8 m/s and accelerates at 3 m/s² for 4 seconds. What is its displacement?

    <p>40 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the spring constant k?

    <p>N/m²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a force F is applied to an object and it moves a distance s, what is the work done on the object?

    <p>Fs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the momentum of an object?

    <p>kg m/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the Lifting Index (LI)?

    <p>LI = L/RWL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the heat stress index in outdoor environments?

    <p>0.7 WB + 0.3 GT = 0.1 DB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for converting parts per million (ppm) to milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m³)?

    <p>mg/m³ = ppm × 24.45 / MW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the ideal gas law?

    <p>PV = nRT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the static pressure of the hood (SPh) in a ventilation system?

    <p>SPh = VP + he</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the volumetric flow rate (Q) of a ventilation system?

    <p>Q = VA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the coefficient of entry loss (Ce)?

    <p>Ce = SPfan / SPout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the equation Lpt = 10 log ∑ 10(Lpi/10)?

    <p>To calculate the combined sound pressure level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of W in the equation W = 16P/πD2?

    <p>mW/cm2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the equation I = Io e^(-μx)?

    <p>To calculate the intensity of ionizing radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the equation dB1 = dBo - 20 log10(d1/do)?

    <p>To calculate the sound level measurement at a different distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of A in the equation NR = 12.6Pα/(1.4A)?

    <p>square inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the equation T = 8(L-90)/5?

    <p>To calculate the time allowed for exposure to a certain sound level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the equation Lw = 10 log(W/Wo)?

    <p>To calculate the sound power level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of po in the equation Lp = 20 log(p/po)?

    <p>N/m2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the equation I2 = I1(d2/d1)2?

    <p>To calculate the intensity of ionizing radiation at a different distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the equation GP = 4πA/λ?

    <p>To calculate the gain of an antenna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the actual ventilation rate in a ventilation system?

    <p>Q = 403 × 10^6 × SG × ER × K / MW × C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the velocity of air and the flow rate in a ventilation system?

    <p>V = 10 × Q / x + A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the concentration at a given time in a ventilation system?

    <p>C = G × (1 - e^(-Nt × Q / V))</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the future value of money in engineering economy?

    <p>F = P × (1 + i)^n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the probability of failure in reliability?

    <p>Pf = 1 - R(t)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the sound intensity in a noise system?

    <p>I = p^2 / (ρ × c)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the velocity pressure of the duct in a ventilation system?

    <p>VP = V^2 / 403</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the effective rate of ventilation corrected for incomplete mixing in a ventilation system?

    <p>Q′ = Q / K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the total pressure in a ventilation system?

    <p>TP = SP + VP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the coefficient of entry loss in a ventilation system?

    <p>Ce = VP / SPh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of frictional force?

    <p>Newtons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the equation F1D1 = F2D2?

    <p>To calculate the force and distance of an object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of acceleration?

    <p>Meters per second squared</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the equation v = vo + at?

    <p>To calculate the final velocity of an object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of kinetic energy?

    <p>Joules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the equation P.E. = mgh?

    <p>To calculate the potential energy of an object due to gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of gravitational acceleration?

    <p>Meters per second squared</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the equation s = vot + (at^2)/2?

    <p>To calculate the displacement of an object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of Wo in the equation Lw = 10 log(W/Wo)?

    <p>10⁻¹² W</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the equation T = 8(L-90)/5?

    <p>To calculate the time allowed for exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of p in the equation Lp = 20 log(p/po)?

    <p>N/m²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation dB1 = dBo - 20 log10(d1/do) used for?

    <p>To calculate the sound level at a different distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of A in the equation NR = 12.6Pα/(1.4A)?

    <p>Square inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation I2 = I1(d2/d1)² used for?

    <p>To calculate the radiation intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation I = Io e^(-μx) used for?

    <p>To calculate the attenuation of radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation W = 16P/πD² used for?

    <p>To calculate the power density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation GP = 4πA/λ used for?

    <p>To calculate the gain of an antenna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of Lpt in the equation Lpt = 10 log ∑ 10(Lpi/10)?

    <p>dB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the amount of work done on or to an object due to gravity?

    <p>J</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the concentration of a vapor or gas in parts per million (ppm)?

    <p>ppm = mg/m³ × 24.45 / MW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the ideal gas law?

    <p>PV = nRT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the Lifting Index (LI)?

    <p>LI = L / RWL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the threshold limit value (TLV) of a chemical mixture?

    <p>TLVm = 1 / (f1 / TLV1 + f2 / TLV2 + … + fn / TLVn)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the heat stress index in indoor environments?

    <p>0.7 WB + 0.3 GT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the volumetric flow rate (Q) of a ventilation system?

    <p>Q = VA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the static pressure of the hood (SPh)?

    <p>SPh = VP + he</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the velocity of air in a ventilation system?

    <p>V = 4005 Ce SPh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the momentum of an object?

    <p>kg·m/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the velocity of air in a ventilation system?

    <p>V = 4005 VP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the coefficient of entry loss?

    <p>Ce = SPh / VP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the total pressure in a ventilation system?

    <p>TP = SP + VP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the effective rate of ventilation corrected for incomplete mixing?

    <p>Q′ = Q / K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the concentration at a given time in a ventilation system?

    <p>C = G / Q′</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the future value of money in engineering economy?

    <p>F = P(1 + i)n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the probability of failure in reliability?

    <p>Pf = 1 - R(t)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the sound intensity in a noise system?

    <p>I = p2 / ρc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the velocity pressure of a duct?

    <p>VP = 4005 × V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the rate of generation of contaminant in a ventilation system?

    <p>G = constant × SG × ER / MW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical quantity represented by the symbol 'm' in the kinetic energy equation?

    <p>Mass of the object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the gravitational acceleration 'g' in the potential energy equation?

    <p>Meters per second squared</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical significance of the equation 'v^2 = vo^2 + 2as'?

    <p>It relates the velocity and acceleration of an object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical quantity represented by the symbol 'k' in the potential energy equation of an elastic object?

    <p>Spring constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the kinetic energy 'K.E.' in the equation 'K.E. = 0.5mv^2'?

    <p>Joules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical significance of the equation 'F1D1 = F2D2'?

    <p>It relates the force and distance of an object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical quantity represented by the symbol 'N' in the frictional force equation 'F = μN'?

    <p>Normal force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the potential energy 'P.E.' in the equation 'P.E. = mgh'?

    <p>Joules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the effective rate of ventilation corrected for incomplete mixing?

    <p>Q′ = Q/K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the future value of money in engineering economy?

    <p>F = P(1 + i)^n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the reliability of a system?

    <p>R(t) = e^(-λt)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the sound intensity in a noise system?

    <p>I = p^2/ρc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the coefficient of entry loss?

    <p>Ce = VP/SPh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the concentration at a given time in a ventilation system?

    <p>C = G/Q′</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the present worth of money in engineering economy?

    <p>P = F/(1 + i)^n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the probability of failure in reliability?

    <p>Pf = 1 - R(t)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the velocity of air in a ventilation system?

    <p>V = 4005 × VP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the total pressure in a ventilation system?

    <p>TP = SP + VP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the work done on or to an object due to gravity?

    <p>Joules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the momentum of an object?

    <p>ρ = mv</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the Lifting Index (LI)?

    <p>LI = L/RWL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the heat stress index in indoor environments?

    <p>0.7 WB + 0.3 GT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for converting parts per million (ppm) to milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m³)?

    <p>mg/m³ = ppm × 24.45 / MW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the ideal gas law?

    <p>PV = nRT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the volumetric flow rate (Q) of a ventilation system?

    <p>Q = VA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the static pressure of the hood (SPh)?

    <p>SPh = VP + he</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the pressure of a gas?

    <p>P = ρRT / M</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the threshold limit value (TLV) of a chemical mixture?

    <p>TLV = (f1 / TLV1) + (f2 / TLV2) + … + (fn / TLVn)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the kinetic energy of an object with a mass of 3 kg and a velocity of 6 m/s?

    <p>36 J</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An object is moving with an initial velocity of 4 m/s and accelerates at 1 m/s² for 5 seconds. What is its final velocity?

    <p>9 m/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 4 kg object is lifted 8 meters above the ground. What is the potential energy of the object?

    <p>256 J</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the force required to move an object 10 meters with an acceleration of 2 m/s²?

    <p>40 N</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An elastic object has a spring constant of 50 N/m. If it is stretched by 1 meter, what is its potential energy?

    <p>25 J</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the work done by a force of 25 N applied over a distance of 5 meters?

    <p>100 J</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An object moves 12 meters in 3 seconds with an acceleration of 2 m/s². What is its initial velocity?

    <p>6 m/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the displacement of an object with an initial velocity of 3 m/s, acceleration of 1 m/s², and time of 4 seconds?

    <p>20 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the reliability of a system at a given time t?

    <p>R(t) = e^(-λt)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of sound intensity I in the equation I = p² / ρc?

    <p>W/m²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the future value of money F, given the present value P, interest rate i, and number of years n?

    <p>F = P(1 + i)^n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of failure Pf, given the reliability R(t)?

    <p>Pf = 1 - R(t)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the effective rate of ventilation corrected for incomplete mixing Q′, given the actual ventilation rate Q and design distribution constant K?

    <p>Q′ = Q/K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the concentration C at a given time, given the rate of generation G, flow rate Q, and volume V?

    <p>C = G / (Q * V)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the velocity of air V in a ventilation system, given the flow rate Q and area A?

    <p>V = Q / A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the coefficient of entry loss Ce, given the velocity pressure VP and static pressure SPh?

    <p>Ce = VP / SPh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the present worth of money P, given the future value F, interest rate i, and number of years n?

    <p>P = F / (1 + i)^n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the total pressure TP in a ventilation system, given the static pressure SP and velocity pressure VP?

    <p>TP = SP + VP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the threshold limit value (TLV) of a chemical mixture?

    <p>Milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m³)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the heat stress index in outdoor environments?

    <p>0.7 WB + 0.2 GT = 0.1 DB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the volumetric flow rate (Q) of a ventilation system?

    <p>Cubic feet per minute (cfm)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the static pressure of the hood (SPh) in a ventilation system?

    <p>SPh = VP + he</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the molecular weight (MW) of a contaminant?

    <p>Grams per mole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the parts per million (ppm) of a contaminant?

    <p>ppm = mg/m³ × 24.45 / MW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the universal gas constant (R) in the ideal gas law?

    <p>Joules per mole per Kelvin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the Lifting Index (LI) in ergonomic analysis?

    <p>LI = L / RWL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the velocity of air in a ventilation system?

    <p>Feet per minute (fpm)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the concentration of a chemical mixture?

    <p>TLVm = f1 / TLV1 + f2 / TLV2 + … + fn / TLVn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of Wo in the equation Lw = 10 log(W/Wo)?

    <p>(10^(-12) W)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the equation T = 8(L-90)/5?

    <p>To calculate the time allowed for exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of p in the equation Lp = 20 log(p/po)?

    <p>N/m2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation dB1 = dBo - 20 log10(d1/do) used for?

    <p>To calculate the sound pressure level at a different distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of A in the equation NR = 12.6Pα/(1.4A)?

    <p>square inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation I2 = I1(d2/d1)2 used for?

    <p>To calculate the radiation intensity at a different distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation I = Io e^(-μx) used for?

    <p>To calculate the radiation intensity through a shield</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation W = 16P/πD2 used for?

    <p>To calculate the power density of an antenna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation GP = 4πA/λ used for?

    <p>To calculate the gain of an antenna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of Lpt in the equation Lpt = 10 log ∑ 10(Lpi/10)?

    <p>dB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the work done on or to an object due to gravity?

    <p>Joules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the Lifting Index (LI)?

    <p>LI = L / RWL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the future value of money in engineering economy?

    <p>F = P(1 + i)n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the probability of failure in reliability?

    <p>Pf = 1 - R(t)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for converting parts per million (ppm) to milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m³)?

    <p>mg/m³ = ppm × 24.45 / MW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the sound intensity in a noise system?

    <p>I = p2 / ρc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the ideal gas law?

    <p>PV = nRT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the present worth of money in engineering economy?

    <p>P = F(1 + i)-n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the volumetric flow rate (Q) of a ventilation system?

    <p>Q = VA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the static pressure of the hood (SPh)?

    <p>SPh = VP + he</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the reliability of a system?

    <p>R(t) = e^(-λt)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the threshold limit value (TLV) of a chemical mixture?

    <p>TLVm = 1 / (f1/TLV1 + f2/TLV2 + … + fn/TLVn)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the effective rate of ventilation corrected for incomplete mixing?

    <p>Q′ = Q/K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the molecular weight (MW) of a substance?

    <p>Grams per mole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the concentration at a given time in a ventilation system?

    <p>C = G / (Q′ - G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the heat stress index in outdoor environments?

    <p>0.7 WB + 0.2 GT = 0.1 DB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the velocity of air in a ventilation system?

    <p>V = 4005 VP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the total pressure in a ventilation system?

    <p>TP = SP + VP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the velocity of air in a ventilation system?

    <p>V = 4005 Ce SPh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the coefficient of entry loss?

    <p>Ce = VP / SPh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the load constant LC?

    <p>none of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the static pressure of the hood SPh?

    <p>inch of water gauge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the work done on or to an object due to gravity?

    <p>W = mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the momentum of an object?

    <p>ρ = mv</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the Lifting Index (LI)?

    <p>LI = L/RWL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the velocity of air in a ventilation system?

    <p>feet per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the heat stress index in outdoor environments?

    <p>0.7 WB + 0.2 GT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for converting parts per million (ppm) to milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m³)?

    <p>ppm = mg/m³ ÷ 24.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the ideal gas law?

    <p>PV = nRT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the molecular weight of a contaminant?

    <p>grams per mole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of frictional force?

    <p>Newtons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating kinetic energy?

    <p>K.E. = mv^2 / 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of acceleration?

    <p>Meters per second squared</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the potential energy of an object due to gravity?

    <p>P.E. = mgh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of time?

    <p>Seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the final velocity of an object?

    <p>v = vo + at</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of mass?

    <p>Kilograms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the displacement of an object?

    <p>s = vot + at^2 / 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of gravitational acceleration?

    <p>Meters per second squared</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the potential energy of an elastic object?

    <p>P.E. = kx^2 / 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of Wo in the equation Lw = 10 log(W/Wo)?

    <p>10^(-12) W</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the equation T = 8(L-90)/5?

    <p>To calculate the time allowed for exposure to a certain sound pressure level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of p in the equation Lp = 20 log(p/po)?

    <p>Pascals (Pa)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation dB1 = dBo - 20 log10(d1/do) used for?

    <p>To calculate the sound pressure level at a certain distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of A in the equation NR = 12.6Pα/(1.4A)?

    <p>Square inches (in²)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation I2 = I1(d2/d1)2 used for?

    <p>To calculate the intensity of radiation at a certain distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation I = Io e^(-μx) used for?

    <p>To calculate the intensity of radiation after passing through a shield</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation W = 16P/πD2 used for?

    <p>To calculate the power density of radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation GP = 4πA/λ used for?

    <p>To calculate the gain of an antenna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of Lpt in the equation Lpt = 10 log ∑ 10(Lpi/10)?

    <p>Decibels (dB)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the actual ventilation rate (Q) of a ventilation system?

    <p>403 × 10^6 × SG × ER × K / MW × C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the velocity of air in a ventilation system?

    <p>V = 4005 × VP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the total pressure in a ventilation system?

    <p>TP = SP + VP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the coefficient of entry loss (Ce)?

    <p>Ce = VP / SPh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the effective rate of ventilation corrected for incomplete mixing (Q')?

    <p>Q' = Q / K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the concentration at a given time in a ventilation system?

    <p>C = G / (Q' × V)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the future value of money in engineering economy?

    <p>F = P × (1 + i)^n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the probability of failure in reliability?

    <p>Pf = 1 - R(t)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the sound intensity in a noise system?

    <p>I = p^2 / ρc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the reliability of a system?

    <p>R(t) = e^(-λt)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An object is moving with an initial velocity of 3 m/s and accelerates at 2 m/s² for 5 seconds. What is its final velocity?

    <p>13 m/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 4 kg object is lifted 8 meters above the ground. What is the potential energy of the object?

    <p>314.4 J</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An object travels 15 meters in 3 seconds with an acceleration of 5 m/s². What is its initial velocity?

    <p>4.5 m/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 3 kg object is moving with a velocity of 12 m/s. What is its kinetic energy?

    <p>144 J</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A force of 25 N is applied to an object, causing it to move 10 meters. What is the work done by the force?

    <p>250 J</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An elastic object has a spring constant of 80 N/m. If it is stretched by 0.7 meters, what is its potential energy?

    <p>19.92 J</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An object is moving with an initial velocity of 9 m/s and accelerates at 4 m/s² for 2 seconds. What is its displacement?

    <p>28 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 2 kg object is moving with a velocity of 15 m/s. What is the momentum of the object?

    <p>30 kg m/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An object is moving with an initial velocity of 6 m/s and accelerates at 3 m/s² for 4 seconds. What is its final velocity?

    <p>18 m/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A force of 18 N is applied to an object, causing it to move 12 meters. What is the work done by the force?

    <p>216 J</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the work done on or to an object due to gravity?

    <p>Joules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the object weight is 20 kg and the recommended weight limit is 15 kg, what is the Lifting Index (LI)?

    <p>1.33</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the concentration of a vapor or gas in terms of parts per million (ppm)?

    <p>ppm = mg/m³ × MW / 24.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the threshold limit value (TLV) of a chemical mixture?

    <p>TLVm = (f1 / TLV1) + (f2 / TLV2) + … + (fn / TLVn)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the ideal gas law?

    <p>PV = nRT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the static pressure of the hood (SPh) in a ventilation system?

    <p>SPh = VP + he</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the volumetric flow rate (Q) of a ventilation system?

    <p>Q = VA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the velocity of air in a ventilation system?

    <p>V = 4005 Ce SPh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the heat stress index in outdoor environments?

    <p>0.7 WB + 0.2 GT = 0.1 DB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the lower flammability limit (LFL) of a chemical mixture?

    <p>LFLm = (f1 / LFL1) + (f2 / LFL2) + … + (fn / LFLn)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the sound power level Lw?

    <p>dB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the equation T = 8(L-90)/5?

    <p>To determine the time allowed for exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the reference sound pressure level po?

    <p>N/m2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation I = Io e^(-μx) used for?

    <p>To determine the radiation intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the effective antenna area A?

    <p>cm2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the coefficient of entry loss (Ce)?

    <p>Ce = SPh / VP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the effective rate of ventilation corrected for incomplete mixing (Q′)?

    <p>Q′ = Q / K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation dB1 = dBo - 20 log10(d1/do) used for?

    <p>To calculate the sound level at a different distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the concentration at a given time (C) in a ventilation system?

    <p>C = G / (Q′ × (1 - e^(-Nt)))</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the acoustic power W?

    <p>W</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation Lpt = 10 log ∑ 10(Lpi/10) used for?

    <p>To calculate the combined sound pressure level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the future value of money (F) in engineering economy?

    <p>F = P × (1 + i)^n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the probability of failure (Pf) in reliability?

    <p>Pf = 1 - R(t)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the radiation scatter buildup factor β?

    <p>none</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the sound intensity (I) in a noise system?

    <p>I = p^2 / ρc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation I2 = I1(d2/d1)2 used for?

    <p>To determine the radiation intensity at a different distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the velocity of air (V) in a ventilation system?

    <p>V = 4005 × VP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the total pressure (TP) in a ventilation system?

    <p>TP = SP + VP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the generation rate (G) of contaminant?

    <p>G = constant × SG × ER / MW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the concentration (C) of a gas or vapor?

    <p>C = Pv × 10^6 / Pb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical quantity represented by the symbol 'v' in the equation v = vo + at?

    <p>velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the SI unit of the physical quantity represented by the symbol 'F' in the equation F = μN?

    <p>newton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following equations is used to calculate the kinetic energy of an object?

    <p>K.E. = (1/2)mv^2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical quantity represented by the symbol 's' in the equation s = vot + (1/2)at^2?

    <p>distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following equations is used to calculate the potential energy of an object due to gravity?

    <p>P.E. = mgh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical quantity represented by the symbol 'a' in the equation v = vo + at?

    <p>acceleration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following equations is used to calculate the work done by a force?

    <p>W = Fs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical quantity represented by the symbol 'm' in the equation K.E. = (1/2)mv^2?

    <p>mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following equations is used to calculate the potential energy of an elastic object?

    <p>P.E. = (1/2)kx^2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical quantity represented by the symbol 'g' in the equation P.E. = mgh?

    <p>acceleration due to gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the velocity of air in a ventilation system?

    <p>V = 4005 VP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the total pressure in a ventilation system?

    <p>TP = SP + VP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the coefficient of entry loss?

    <p>Ce = VP / SPh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the effective rate of ventilation corrected for incomplete mixing?

    <p>Q′ = Q / K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the concentration at a given time in a ventilation system?

    <p>C = G / Q′</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the future value of money in engineering economy?

    <p>F = P(1 + i)n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the probability of failure in reliability?

    <p>Pf = 1 - R(t)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the sound intensity in a noise system?

    <p>I = p2 / ρc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the reliability of a system?

    <p>R(t) = e^(-λt)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the hood entry loss in a ventilation system?

    <p>he = (1 - C) VP / e^2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the amount of work done on or to an object due to gravity?

    <p>Joules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Lifting Index (LI) represent?

    <p>The ratio of the object weight to the recommended weight limit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the molecular weight of a contaminant?

    <p>Grams per mole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the heat stress index in outdoor environments?

    <p>0.7 WB + 0.2 GT = 0.1 DB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the volumetric flow rate (Q) of a ventilation system?

    <p>Cubic feet per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the velocity of air in a ventilation system?

    <p>V = 4005 Ce SPh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the equation PV = nRT?

    <p>To calculate the ideal gas law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the concentration of a chemical in a mixture?

    <p>TLVm = f1/TLV1 + f2/TLV2 + … + fn/TLVn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the static pressure of the hood (SPh)?

    <p>Inches of water gauge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the work done on or to an object due to a force?

    <p>W = Fs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of acoustic power (W) in the equation Lw = 10 log(W/Wo)?

    <p>Watts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the equation T = 8(L-90)/5?

    <p>To calculate the time allowed for exposure to a certain sound level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of sound pressure level (Lp) in the equation Lp = 20 log(p/po)?

    <p>Pascals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation dB1 = dBo - 20 log10(d1/do) used for?

    <p>To calculate the sound pressure level at a certain distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of A in the equation NR = 12.6Pα/(1.4A)?

    <p>Square inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation I2 = I1(d2/d1)2 used for?

    <p>To calculate the intensity of a radiation source at a certain distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation I = Io e^(-μx) used for?

    <p>To calculate the intensity of a radiation source at a certain distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation W = 16P/πD2 used for?

    <p>To calculate the power density of a radiation source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation GP = 4πA/λ used for?

    <p>To calculate the gain of an antenna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of Lpt in the equation Lpt = 10 log ∑ 10(Lpi/10)?

    <p>Decibels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Mechanics

    • F = μN, where F is frictional force, μ is coefficient of friction, and N is newtons
    • F1D1 = F2D2, where F is force, and D is distance
    • v = vo + at, where v is velocity, vo is original velocity, a is acceleration, and t is time
    • s = vot + (1/2)at^2, where s is displacement of the object, vo is initial velocity, t is time, and a is acceleration
    • v^2 = vo^2 + 2as, where v is final velocity, vo is initial velocity, a is acceleration, and s is displacement

    Energy

    • K.E. = (1/2)mv^2, where K.E. is kinetic energy, m is mass of the object, and v is speed of the object
    • P.E. = mgh, where P.E. is potential energy, m is mass of the object, g is gravitation acceleration, and h is height above earth's surface
    • P.E. = (1/2)kx^2, where P.E. is potential energy, k is spring constant, and x is amount of compression

    Momentum

    • ρ = mv, where ρ is momentum, m is mass, and v is velocity
    • F = ma, where F is force, m is mass, and a is acceleration

    Work and Energy

    • W = mg, where W is work done, m is mass, and g is gravity
    • W = Fs, where W is work done, F is force, and s is distance

    Ergonomic

    • Lifting Index (LI) = L / RWL, where LI is Lifting Index, L is object weight, and RWL is recommended weight limit
    • RWL = LC × HM × VM × DM × AM × FM × CM, where RWL is recommended weight limit, and various multipliers (LC, HM, VM, DM, AM, FM, CM) are used to calculate it

    Heat Stress and Relative Humidity

    • Indoor (no solar load): 0.7 WB + 0.3 GT
    • Outdoors (with solar heat load): 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT = 0.1 DB

    Concentrations of Vapors and Gases

    • ppm = (mg/m^3) × (24.45 / MW), where ppm is parts per million, mg/m^3 is measured mg/m^3 of the contaminant, and MW is molecular weight of the contaminant
    • TLVm = (f1 / TLV1) + (f2 / TLV2) + … + (fn / TLVn), where TLVm is threshold limit value, f is fraction of chemical, and TLV is threshold limit value of the chemical
    • LFLm = (f1 / LFL1) + (f2 / LFL2) + … + (fn / LFLn), where LFLm is lower flammability limit, f is fraction of chemical, and LFL is lower flammability limit

    Ventilation

    • Q = VA, where Q is volumetric flow rate, V is velocity of the air, and A is cross-sectional area of the duct
    • V = 4005 Ce SPh, where V is velocity, Ce is coefficient of entry loss, and SPh is static pressure of the hood
    • SPfan = SPout - SPin - VPin, where SPfan is static pressure of the fan, SPout is static pressure of the outlet, SPin is static pressure of the inlet, and VPin is velocity pressure of the inlet
    • SPh = VP + he, where SPh is static pressure of the hood, VP is duct velocity pressure, and he is overall hood entry loss

    Engineering Economy

    • F = P(1 + i)^n, where F is future value of money, P is present value of money, i is interest rate, and n is number of years
    • P = F(1 + i)^(-n), where P is present worth of money, F is future worth, i is interest rate, and n is number of years
    • F = A((1 + i)^n - 1) / i, where F is future value of money, A is each payment, i is interest rate, and n is number of periods
    • A = F(i(1 + i)^n) / ((1 + i)^n - 1), where A is yearly payment of loan, F is future value of loan, i is interest rate, and n is number of periods

    Reliability

    • Pf = 1 - R(t), where Pf is probability of failure, and R(t) is reliability
    • R(t) = e^(-λt), where R(t) is reliability, t is time in which reliability is measured, and λ is number of failures divided by number of time units

    Noise

    • I = p^2 / (ρc), where I is sound intensity, p is sound pressure level, ρ is the density of the medium, and c is the speed of sound
    • Lpt = 10 log (∑ 10^(Lpi/10)), where Lpt is combined sound pressure level, and Lpi is individual measured sound pressure level
    • Lw = 10 log (W / Wo), where Lw is sound power level, W is acoustic power, and Wo is reference acoustic power
    • Lp = 20 log (p / po), where Lp is sound pressure level, p is measured sound pressure level, and po is reference sound pressure level

    Radiation

    • Ionizing: I2 = I1 (d1 / d2)^2, where I is intensity of source, and d is distance from source
    • Nonionizing: W = 16 P^4 / (π D^2 A), where W is power density, P is antenna power, D is diameter of antenna, and A is effective antenna area

    Mechanics

    • F = μN, where F is frictional force, μ is coefficient of friction, and N is newtons
    • F1D1 = F2D2, where F is force, and D is distance
    • v = vo + at, where v is velocity, vo is original velocity, a is acceleration, and t is time
    • s = vot + (1/2)at^2, where s is displacement of the object, vo is initial velocity, t is time, and a is acceleration
    • v^2 = vo^2 + 2as, where v is final velocity, vo is initial velocity, a is acceleration, and s is displacement

    Energy

    • K.E. = (1/2)mv^2, where K.E. is kinetic energy, m is mass of the object, and v is speed of the object
    • P.E. = mgh, where P.E. is potential energy, m is mass of the object, g is gravitation acceleration, and h is height above earth's surface
    • P.E. = (1/2)kx^2, where P.E. is potential energy, k is spring constant, and x is amount of compression

    Momentum

    • ρ = mv, where ρ is momentum, m is mass, and v is velocity
    • F = ma, where F is force, m is mass, and a is acceleration

    Work and Energy

    • W = mg, where W is work done, m is mass, and g is gravity
    • W = Fs, where W is work done, F is force, and s is distance

    Ergonomic

    • Lifting Index (LI) = L / RWL, where LI is Lifting Index, L is object weight, and RWL is recommended weight limit
    • RWL = LC × HM × VM × DM × AM × FM × CM, where RWL is recommended weight limit, and various multipliers (LC, HM, VM, DM, AM, FM, CM) are used to calculate it

    Heat Stress and Relative Humidity

    • Indoor (no solar load): 0.7 WB + 0.3 GT
    • Outdoors (with solar heat load): 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT = 0.1 DB

    Concentrations of Vapors and Gases

    • ppm = (mg/m^3) × (24.45 / MW), where ppm is parts per million, mg/m^3 is measured mg/m^3 of the contaminant, and MW is molecular weight of the contaminant
    • TLVm = (f1 / TLV1) + (f2 / TLV2) + … + (fn / TLVn), where TLVm is threshold limit value, f is fraction of chemical, and TLV is threshold limit value of the chemical
    • LFLm = (f1 / LFL1) + (f2 / LFL2) + … + (fn / LFLn), where LFLm is lower flammability limit, f is fraction of chemical, and LFL is lower flammability limit

    Ventilation

    • Q = VA, where Q is volumetric flow rate, V is velocity of the air, and A is cross-sectional area of the duct
    • V = 4005 Ce SPh, where V is velocity, Ce is coefficient of entry loss, and SPh is static pressure of the hood
    • SPfan = SPout - SPin - VPin, where SPfan is static pressure of the fan, SPout is static pressure of the outlet, SPin is static pressure of the inlet, and VPin is velocity pressure of the inlet
    • SPh = VP + he, where SPh is static pressure of the hood, VP is duct velocity pressure, and he is overall hood entry loss

    Engineering Economy

    • F = P(1 + i)^n, where F is future value of money, P is present value of money, i is interest rate, and n is number of years
    • P = F(1 + i)^(-n), where P is present worth of money, F is future worth, i is interest rate, and n is number of years
    • F = A((1 + i)^n - 1) / i, where F is future value of money, A is each payment, i is interest rate, and n is number of periods
    • A = F(i(1 + i)^n) / ((1 + i)^n - 1), where A is yearly payment of loan, F is future value of loan, i is interest rate, and n is number of periods

    Reliability

    • Pf = 1 - R(t), where Pf is probability of failure, and R(t) is reliability
    • R(t) = e^(-λt), where R(t) is reliability, t is time in which reliability is measured, and λ is number of failures divided by number of time units

    Noise

    • I = p^2 / (ρc), where I is sound intensity, p is sound pressure level, ρ is the density of the medium, and c is the speed of sound
    • Lpt = 10 log (∑ 10^(Lpi/10)), where Lpt is combined sound pressure level, and Lpi is individual measured sound pressure level
    • Lw = 10 log (W / Wo), where Lw is sound power level, W is acoustic power, and Wo is reference acoustic power
    • Lp = 20 log (p / po), where Lp is sound pressure level, p is measured sound pressure level, and po is reference sound pressure level

    Radiation

    • Ionizing: I2 = I1 (d1 / d2)^2, where I is intensity of source, and d is distance from source
    • Nonionizing: W = 16 P^4 / (π D^2 A), where W is power density, P is antenna power, D is diameter of antenna, and A is effective antenna area

    Mechanics

    • F = μN, where F is frictional force, μ is coefficient of friction, and N is newtons
    • F1D1 = F2D2, where F is force, and D is distance
    • v = vo + at, where v is velocity, vo is original velocity, a is acceleration, and t is time
    • s = vot + (1/2)at^2, where s is displacement of the object, vo is initial velocity, t is time, and a is acceleration
    • v^2 = vo^2 + 2as, where v is final velocity, vo is initial velocity, a is acceleration, and s is displacement

    Energy

    • K.E. = (1/2)mv^2, where K.E. is kinetic energy, m is mass of the object, and v is speed of the object
    • P.E. = mgh, where P.E. is potential energy, m is mass of the object, g is gravitation acceleration, and h is height above earth's surface
    • P.E. = (1/2)kx^2, where P.E. is potential energy, k is spring constant, and x is amount of compression

    Momentum

    • ρ = mv, where ρ is momentum, m is mass, and v is velocity
    • F = ma, where F is force, m is mass, and a is acceleration

    Work and Energy

    • W = mg, where W is work done, m is mass, and g is gravity
    • W = Fs, where W is work done, F is force, and s is distance

    Ergonomic

    • Lifting Index (LI) = L / RWL, where LI is Lifting Index, L is object weight, and RWL is recommended weight limit
    • RWL = LC × HM × VM × DM × AM × FM × CM, where RWL is recommended weight limit, and various multipliers (LC, HM, VM, DM, AM, FM, CM) are used to calculate it

    Heat Stress and Relative Humidity

    • Indoor (no solar load): 0.7 WB + 0.3 GT
    • Outdoors (with solar heat load): 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT = 0.1 DB

    Concentrations of Vapors and Gases

    • ppm = (mg/m^3) × (24.45 / MW), where ppm is parts per million, mg/m^3 is measured mg/m^3 of the contaminant, and MW is molecular weight of the contaminant
    • TLVm = (f1 / TLV1) + (f2 / TLV2) + … + (fn / TLVn), where TLVm is threshold limit value, f is fraction of chemical, and TLV is threshold limit value of the chemical
    • LFLm = (f1 / LFL1) + (f2 / LFL2) + … + (fn / LFLn), where LFLm is lower flammability limit, f is fraction of chemical, and LFL is lower flammability limit

    Ventilation

    • Q = VA, where Q is volumetric flow rate, V is velocity of the air, and A is cross-sectional area of the duct
    • V = 4005 Ce SPh, where V is velocity, Ce is coefficient of entry loss, and SPh is static pressure of the hood
    • SPfan = SPout - SPin - VPin, where SPfan is static pressure of the fan, SPout is static pressure of the outlet, SPin is static pressure of the inlet, and VPin is velocity pressure of the inlet
    • SPh = VP + he, where SPh is static pressure of the hood, VP is duct velocity pressure, and he is overall hood entry loss

    Engineering Economy

    • F = P(1 + i)^n, where F is future value of money, P is present value of money, i is interest rate, and n is number of years
    • P = F(1 + i)^(-n), where P is present worth of money, F is future worth, i is interest rate, and n is number of years
    • F = A((1 + i)^n - 1) / i, where F is future value of money, A is each payment, i is interest rate, and n is number of periods
    • A = F(i(1 + i)^n) / ((1 + i)^n - 1), where A is yearly payment of loan, F is future value of loan, i is interest rate, and n is number of periods

    Reliability

    • Pf = 1 - R(t), where Pf is probability of failure, and R(t) is reliability
    • R(t) = e^(-λt), where R(t) is reliability, t is time in which reliability is measured, and λ is number of failures divided by number of time units

    Noise

    • I = p^2 / (ρc), where I is sound intensity, p is sound pressure level, ρ is the density of the medium, and c is the speed of sound
    • Lpt = 10 log (∑ 10^(Lpi/10)), where Lpt is combined sound pressure level, and Lpi is individual measured sound pressure level
    • Lw = 10 log (W / Wo), where Lw is sound power level, W is acoustic power, and Wo is reference acoustic power
    • Lp = 20 log (p / po), where Lp is sound pressure level, p is measured sound pressure level, and po is reference sound pressure level

    Radiation

    • Ionizing: I2 = I1 (d1 / d2)^2, where I is intensity of source, and d is distance from source
    • Nonionizing: W = 16 P^4 / (π D^2 A), where W is power density, P is antenna power, D is diameter of antenna, and A is effective antenna area

    Ventilation

    • Hood entry loss (he) is calculated as: he = (1 - C) VP / e^2
    • Coefficient of entry loss (Ce) is calculated as: Ce = he / SPh
    • Ventilation rate (Q) is calculated as: Q = 403 x 10^6 x SG x ER x K / MW x C
    • Velocity of air (V) is calculated as: V = 4005 VP
    • Total pressure (TP) is calculated as: TP = SP + VP

    Engineering Economy

    • Future value of money (F) is calculated as: F = P(1 + i)^n
    • Present value of money (P) is calculated as: P = F(1 + i)^(-n)
    • Future value of money (F) is also calculated as: F = A((1 + i)^n - 1) / i
    • Period payment amount (A) is calculated as: A = F((1 + i)^n - 1) / i(1 + i)^n
    • Present worth of money (P) is also calculated as: P = A((1 + i)^n - 1) / i(1 + i)^n

    Reliability

    • Probability of failure (Pf) is calculated as: Pf = 1 - R(t)
    • Reliability (R(t)) is calculated as: R(t) = e^(-λt)
    • Probability of failure (Pf) is also calculated as: Pf = (1 - Ps)

    Noise

    • Sound intensity (I) is calculated as: I = p^2 / ρc

    Mechanics

    • Frictional force (F) is calculated as: F = μN
    • Force (F) is also calculated as: F = F1D1 / D2
    • Velocity (v) is calculated as: v = vo + at
    • Displacement (s) is calculated as: s = vot + (1/2)at^2
    • Kinetic energy (K.E.) is calculated as: K.E. = (1/2)mv^2
    • Potential energy (P.E.) is calculated as: P.E. = mgh or P.E. = (1/2)kx^2
    • Momentum (ρ) is calculated as: ρ = mv
    • Force (F) is also calculated as: F = ma
    • Work done (W) is calculated as: W = mg or W = Fs

    Ergonomic (Revised NIOSH Lifting Equations)

    • Lifting Index (LI) is calculated as: LI = L / RWL
    • Recommended weight limit (RWL) is calculated as: RWL = LC × HM × VM × DM × AM × FM × CM

    Heat Stress and Relative Humidity

    • Indoor (no solar load) equation: 0.7WB + 0.3GT
    • Outdoors (with solar heat load) equation: 0.7WB + 0.2GT = 0.1DB

    Concentrations of Vapors and Gases

    • ppm is calculated as: ppm = mg/m3 × 24.45 / MW
    • Threshold limit value (TLV) is calculated as: TLVm = f1/TLV1 + f2/TLV2 + … + fn/TLVn
    • Lower flammability limit (LFL) is calculated as: LFLm = f1/LFL1 + f2/LFL2 + … + fn/LFLn

    Gas Laws

    • PV = nRT
    • P1V1 / T1 = P2V2 / T2

    Ventilation

    • Hood entry loss (he) is calculated as: he = (1 - C) VP / e^2
    • Coefficient of entry loss (Ce) is calculated as: Ce = he / SPh
    • Ventilation rate (Q) is calculated as: Q = 403 x 10^6 x SG x ER x K / MW x C
    • Velocity of air (V) is calculated as: V = 4005 VP
    • Total pressure (TP) is calculated as: TP = SP + VP

    Engineering Economy

    • Future value of money (F) is calculated as: F = P(1 + i)^n
    • Present value of money (P) is calculated as: P = F(1 + i)^(-n)
    • Future value of money (F) is also calculated as: F = A((1 + i)^n - 1) / i
    • Period payment amount (A) is calculated as: A = F((1 + i)^n - 1) / i(1 + i)^n
    • Present worth of money (P) is also calculated as: P = A((1 + i)^n - 1) / i(1 + i)^n

    Reliability

    • Probability of failure (Pf) is calculated as: Pf = 1 - R(t)
    • Reliability (R(t)) is calculated as: R(t) = e^(-λt)
    • Probability of failure (Pf) is also calculated as: Pf = (1 - Ps)

    Noise

    • Sound intensity (I) is calculated as: I = p^2 / ρc

    Mechanics

    • Frictional force (F) is calculated as: F = μN
    • Force (F) is also calculated as: F = F1D1 / D2
    • Velocity (v) is calculated as: v = vo + at
    • Displacement (s) is calculated as: s = vot + (1/2)at^2
    • Kinetic energy (K.E.) is calculated as: K.E. = (1/2)mv^2
    • Potential energy (P.E.) is calculated as: P.E. = mgh or P.E. = (1/2)kx^2
    • Momentum (ρ) is calculated as: ρ = mv
    • Force (F) is also calculated as: F = ma
    • Work done (W) is calculated as: W = mg or W = Fs

    Ergonomic (Revised NIOSH Lifting Equations)

    • Lifting Index (LI) is calculated as: LI = L / RWL
    • Recommended weight limit (RWL) is calculated as: RWL = LC × HM × VM × DM × AM × FM × CM

    Heat Stress and Relative Humidity

    • Indoor (no solar load) equation: 0.7WB + 0.3GT
    • Outdoors (with solar heat load) equation: 0.7WB + 0.2GT = 0.1DB

    Concentrations of Vapors and Gases

    • ppm is calculated as: ppm = mg/m3 × 24.45 / MW
    • Threshold limit value (TLV) is calculated as: TLVm = f1/TLV1 + f2/TLV2 + … + fn/TLVn
    • Lower flammability limit (LFL) is calculated as: LFLm = f1/LFL1 + f2/LFL2 + … + fn/LFLn

    Gas Laws

    • PV = nRT
    • P1V1 / T1 = P2V2 / T2

    Sound Intensity Calculations

    • The equation for combined sound pressure level is: Lpt = 10 log ∑ 10^(Lpi/10)
    • Lpt is the combined sound pressure level, and Lpi is the individual measured sound pressure level
    • Sound power level (Lw) is calculated as: Lw = 10 log (W/Wo)
    • Where W is the acoustic power, and Wo is the reference acoustic power (10^−12 W)

    Sound Pressure Level

    • Sound pressure level (Lp) is calculated as: Lp = 20 log (p/po)
    • Where p is the measured sound pressure level, and po is the reference sound pressure level (0.00002 N/m2)

    Time Allowed for Exposure

    • The time allowed for exposure (T) is calculated as: T = (L - 90) / 5
    • Where L is the sound pressure level (dB)

    Dosage

    • Dosage (D) is calculated as: D = 100 ∑ (Ci / Ti)
    • Where Ci is the actual exposure time, and Ti is the allowed exposure time

    Noise Reduction

    • Noise reduction (dB) is calculated as: dB = 10 log (A2 / A1)
    • Where A1 is the total number of absorption units before treatment, and A2 is the total number after treatment

    Radiation

    • Ionizing radiation intensity (I) is calculated as: I2 = I1 * (d1 / d2)^2
    • Where I1 is the initial intensity, and d1 and d2 are the distances from the source
    • Non-ionizing radiation power density (W) is calculated as: W = 16P / (πD^2 A)
    • Where P is the antenna power, D is the diameter of the antenna, and A is the effective antenna area

    Ventilation

    • Actual ventilation rate (Q) is calculated as: Q = 403 * 10^6 * SG * ER * K / (MW * C)
    • Where SG is the specific gravity of the volatile liquid, ER is the evaporation rate, K is the design distribution constant, MW is the molecular weight, and C is the desired concentration
    • Velocity of air (V) is calculated as: V = 4005 * VP / (10 * x^2 + A)
    • Where VP is the velocity pressure, x is the source distance from the hood opening, and A is the area

    Engineering Economy

    • Future value of money (F) is calculated as: F = P * (1 + i)^n
    • Present worth of money (P) is calculated as: P = F / (1 + i)^n
    • Annual payment (A) is calculated as: A = F * (i * (1 + i)^n) / ((1 + i)^n - 1)

    Reliability

    • Probability of failure (Pf) is calculated as: Pf = 1 - R(t)
    • Reliability (R(t)) is calculated as: R(t) = e^(-λt)
    • Where λ is the number of failures divided by the number of time units during which all items were exposed

    Mechanics

    • F = μN, where F is frictional force, μ is coefficient of friction, and N is newtons
    • F1D1 = F2D2, where F is force, and D is distance
    • v = vo + at, where v is velocity, vo is original velocity, a is acceleration, and t is time
    • s = vot + (1/2)at^2, where s is displacement of the object, vo is initial velocity, t is time, and a is acceleration
    • v^2 = vo^2 + 2as, where v is final velocity, vo is initial velocity, a is acceleration, and s is displacement

    Energy

    • K.E. = (1/2)mv^2, where K.E. is kinetic energy, m is mass of the object, and v is speed of the object
    • P.E. = mgh, where P.E. is potential energy, m is mass of the object, g is gravitation acceleration, and h is height above earth's surface
    • P.E. = (1/2)kx^2, where P.E. is potential energy, k is spring constant, and x is amount of compression

    Momentum

    • ρ = mv, where ρ is momentum, m is mass, and v is velocity
    • F = ma, where F is force, m is mass, and a is acceleration

    Work and Energy

    • W = mg, where W is work done, m is mass, and g is gravity
    • W = Fs, where W is work done, F is force, and s is distance

    Ergonomic

    • Lifting Index (LI) = L / RWL, where LI is Lifting Index, L is object weight, and RWL is recommended weight limit
    • RWL = LC × HM × VM × DM × AM × FM × CM, where RWL is recommended weight limit, and various multipliers (LC, HM, VM, DM, AM, FM, CM) are used to calculate it

    Heat Stress and Relative Humidity

    • Indoor (no solar load): 0.7 WB + 0.3 GT
    • Outdoors (with solar heat load): 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT = 0.1 DB

    Concentrations of Vapors and Gases

    • ppm = (mg/m^3) × (24.45 / MW), where ppm is parts per million, mg/m^3 is measured mg/m^3 of the contaminant, and MW is molecular weight of the contaminant
    • TLVm = (f1 / TLV1) + (f2 / TLV2) + … + (fn / TLVn), where TLVm is threshold limit value, f is fraction of chemical, and TLV is threshold limit value of the chemical
    • LFLm = (f1 / LFL1) + (f2 / LFL2) + … + (fn / LFLn), where LFLm is lower flammability limit, f is fraction of chemical, and LFL is lower flammability limit

    Ventilation

    • Q = VA, where Q is volumetric flow rate, V is velocity of the air, and A is cross-sectional area of the duct
    • V = 4005 Ce SPh, where V is velocity, Ce is coefficient of entry loss, and SPh is static pressure of the hood
    • SPfan = SPout - SPin - VPin, where SPfan is static pressure of the fan, SPout is static pressure of the outlet, SPin is static pressure of the inlet, and VPin is velocity pressure of the inlet
    • SPh = VP + he, where SPh is static pressure of the hood, VP is duct velocity pressure, and he is overall hood entry loss

    Engineering Economy

    • F = P(1 + i)^n, where F is future value of money, P is present value of money, i is interest rate, and n is number of years
    • P = F(1 + i)^(-n), where P is present worth of money, F is future worth, i is interest rate, and n is number of years
    • F = A((1 + i)^n - 1) / i, where F is future value of money, A is each payment, i is interest rate, and n is number of periods
    • A = F(i(1 + i)^n) / ((1 + i)^n - 1), where A is yearly payment of loan, F is future value of loan, i is interest rate, and n is number of periods

    Reliability

    • Pf = 1 - R(t), where Pf is probability of failure, and R(t) is reliability
    • R(t) = e^(-λt), where R(t) is reliability, t is time in which reliability is measured, and λ is number of failures divided by number of time units

    Noise

    • I = p^2 / (ρc), where I is sound intensity, p is sound pressure level, ρ is the density of the medium, and c is the speed of sound
    • Lpt = 10 log (∑ 10^(Lpi/10)), where Lpt is combined sound pressure level, and Lpi is individual measured sound pressure level
    • Lw = 10 log (W / Wo), where Lw is sound power level, W is acoustic power, and Wo is reference acoustic power
    • Lp = 20 log (p / po), where Lp is sound pressure level, p is measured sound pressure level, and po is reference sound pressure level

    Radiation

    • Ionizing: I2 = I1 (d1 / d2)^2, where I is intensity of source, and d is distance from source
    • Nonionizing: W = 16 P^4 / (π D^2 A), where W is power density, P is antenna power, D is diameter of antenna, and A is effective antenna area

    Mechanics

    • F = μN, where F is frictional force, μ is coefficient of friction, and N is newtons
    • F1D1 = F2D2, where F is force, and D is distance
    • v = vo + at, where v is velocity, vo is original velocity, a is acceleration, and t is time
    • s = vot + (1/2)at^2, where s is displacement of the object, vo is initial velocity, t is time, and a is acceleration
    • v^2 = vo^2 + 2as, where v is final velocity, vo is initial velocity, a is acceleration, and s is displacement

    Energy

    • K.E. = (1/2)mv^2, where K.E. is kinetic energy, m is mass of the object, and v is speed of the object
    • P.E. = mgh, where P.E. is potential energy, m is mass of the object, g is gravitation acceleration, and h is height above earth's surface
    • P.E. = (1/2)kx^2, where P.E. is potential energy, k is spring constant, and x is amount of compression

    Momentum

    • ρ = mv, where ρ is momentum, m is mass, and v is velocity
    • F = ma, where F is force, m is mass, and a is acceleration

    Work and Energy

    • W = mg, where W is work done, m is mass, and g is gravity
    • W = Fs, where W is work done, F is force, and s is distance

    Ergonomic

    • Lifting Index (LI) = L / RWL, where LI is Lifting Index, L is object weight, and RWL is recommended weight limit
    • RWL = LC × HM × VM × DM × AM × FM × CM, where RWL is recommended weight limit, and various multipliers (LC, HM, VM, DM, AM, FM, CM) are used to calculate it

    Heat Stress and Relative Humidity

    • Indoor (no solar load): 0.7 WB + 0.3 GT
    • Outdoors (with solar heat load): 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT = 0.1 DB

    Concentrations of Vapors and Gases

    • ppm = (mg/m^3) × (24.45 / MW), where ppm is parts per million, mg/m^3 is measured mg/m^3 of the contaminant, and MW is molecular weight of the contaminant
    • TLVm = (f1 / TLV1) + (f2 / TLV2) + … + (fn / TLVn), where TLVm is threshold limit value, f is fraction of chemical, and TLV is threshold limit value of the chemical
    • LFLm = (f1 / LFL1) + (f2 / LFL2) + … + (fn / LFLn), where LFLm is lower flammability limit, f is fraction of chemical, and LFL is lower flammability limit

    Ventilation

    • Q = VA, where Q is volumetric flow rate, V is velocity of the air, and A is cross-sectional area of the duct
    • V = 4005 Ce SPh, where V is velocity, Ce is coefficient of entry loss, and SPh is static pressure of the hood
    • SPfan = SPout - SPin - VPin, where SPfan is static pressure of the fan, SPout is static pressure of the outlet, SPin is static pressure of the inlet, and VPin is velocity pressure of the inlet
    • SPh = VP + he, where SPh is static pressure of the hood, VP is duct velocity pressure, and he is overall hood entry loss

    Engineering Economy

    • F = P(1 + i)^n, where F is future value of money, P is present value of money, i is interest rate, and n is number of years
    • P = F(1 + i)^(-n), where P is present worth of money, F is future worth, i is interest rate, and n is number of years
    • F = A((1 + i)^n - 1) / i, where F is future value of money, A is each payment, i is interest rate, and n is number of periods
    • A = F(i(1 + i)^n) / ((1 + i)^n - 1), where A is yearly payment of loan, F is future value of loan, i is interest rate, and n is number of periods

    Reliability

    • Pf = 1 - R(t), where Pf is probability of failure, and R(t) is reliability
    • R(t) = e^(-λt), where R(t) is reliability, t is time in which reliability is measured, and λ is number of failures divided by number of time units

    Noise

    • I = p^2 / (ρc), where I is sound intensity, p is sound pressure level, ρ is the density of the medium, and c is the speed of sound
    • Lpt = 10 log (∑ 10^(Lpi/10)), where Lpt is combined sound pressure level, and Lpi is individual measured sound pressure level
    • Lw = 10 log (W / Wo), where Lw is sound power level, W is acoustic power, and Wo is reference acoustic power
    • Lp = 20 log (p / po), where Lp is sound pressure level, p is measured sound pressure level, and po is reference sound pressure level

    Radiation

    • Ionizing: I2 = I1 (d1 / d2)^2, where I is intensity of source, and d is distance from source
    • Nonionizing: W = 16 P^4 / (π D^2 A), where W is power density, P is antenna power, D is diameter of antenna, and A is effective antenna area

    Mechanics

    • F = μN, where F is frictional force, μ is coefficient of friction, and N is newtons
    • F1D1 = F2D2, where F is force, and D is distance
    • v = vo + at, where v is velocity, vo is original velocity, a is acceleration, and t is time
    • s = vot + (1/2)at^2, where s is displacement of the object, vo is initial velocity, t is time, and a is acceleration
    • v^2 = vo^2 + 2as, where v is final velocity, vo is initial velocity, a is acceleration, and s is displacement

    Energy

    • K.E. = (1/2)mv^2, where K.E. is kinetic energy, m is mass of the object, and v is speed of the object
    • P.E. = mgh, where P.E. is potential energy, m is mass of the object, g is gravitation acceleration, and h is height above earth's surface
    • P.E. = (1/2)kx^2, where P.E. is potential energy, k is spring constant, and x is amount of compression

    Momentum

    • ρ = mv, where ρ is momentum, m is mass, and v is velocity
    • F = ma, where F is force, m is mass, and a is acceleration

    Work and Energy

    • W = mg, where W is work done, m is mass, and g is gravity
    • W = Fs, where W is work done, F is force, and s is distance

    Ergonomic

    • Lifting Index (LI) = L / RWL, where LI is Lifting Index, L is object weight, and RWL is recommended weight limit
    • RWL = LC × HM × VM × DM × AM × FM × CM, where RWL is recommended weight limit, and various multipliers (LC, HM, VM, DM, AM, FM, CM) are used to calculate it

    Heat Stress and Relative Humidity

    • Indoor (no solar load): 0.7 WB + 0.3 GT
    • Outdoors (with solar heat load): 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT = 0.1 DB

    Concentrations of Vapors and Gases

    • ppm = (mg/m^3) × (24.45 / MW), where ppm is parts per million, mg/m^3 is measured mg/m^3 of the contaminant, and MW is molecular weight of the contaminant
    • TLVm = (f1 / TLV1) + (f2 / TLV2) + … + (fn / TLVn), where TLVm is threshold limit value, f is fraction of chemical, and TLV is threshold limit value of the chemical
    • LFLm = (f1 / LFL1) + (f2 / LFL2) + … + (fn / LFLn), where LFLm is lower flammability limit, f is fraction of chemical, and LFL is lower flammability limit

    Ventilation

    • Q = VA, where Q is volumetric flow rate, V is velocity of the air, and A is cross-sectional area of the duct
    • V = 4005 Ce SPh, where V is velocity, Ce is coefficient of entry loss, and SPh is static pressure of the hood
    • SPfan = SPout - SPin - VPin, where SPfan is static pressure of the fan, SPout is static pressure of the outlet, SPin is static pressure of the inlet, and VPin is velocity pressure of the inlet
    • SPh = VP + he, where SPh is static pressure of the hood, VP is duct velocity pressure, and he is overall hood entry loss

    Engineering Economy

    • F = P(1 + i)^n, where F is future value of money, P is present value of money, i is interest rate, and n is number of years
    • P = F(1 + i)^(-n), where P is present worth of money, F is future worth, i is interest rate, and n is number of years
    • F = A((1 + i)^n - 1) / i, where F is future value of money, A is each payment, i is interest rate, and n is number of periods
    • A = F(i(1 + i)^n) / ((1 + i)^n - 1), where A is yearly payment of loan, F is future value of loan, i is interest rate, and n is number of periods

    Reliability

    • Pf = 1 - R(t), where Pf is probability of failure, and R(t) is reliability
    • R(t) = e^(-λt), where R(t) is reliability, t is time in which reliability is measured, and λ is number of failures divided by number of time units

    Noise

    • I = p^2 / (ρc), where I is sound intensity, p is sound pressure level, ρ is the density of the medium, and c is the speed of sound
    • Lpt = 10 log (∑ 10^(Lpi/10)), where Lpt is combined sound pressure level, and Lpi is individual measured sound pressure level
    • Lw = 10 log (W / Wo), where Lw is sound power level, W is acoustic power, and Wo is reference acoustic power
    • Lp = 20 log (p / po), where Lp is sound pressure level, p is measured sound pressure level, and po is reference sound pressure level

    Radiation

    • Ionizing: I2 = I1 (d1 / d2)^2, where I is intensity of source, and d is distance from source
    • Nonionizing: W = 16 P^4 / (π D^2 A), where W is power density, P is antenna power, D is diameter of antenna, and A is effective antenna area

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