BCH2IBM Module 1: Cellular Life and Central Dogma

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Questions and Answers

Which lipid family is primarily involved in the construction of cell membranes?

  • Fatty acids
  • Sphingolipids
  • Glycolipids
  • All of the above (correct)

What is NOT a feature of signal transduction?

  • Amplification of signal
  • Randomness in transmission (correct)
  • Integration of signalling pathways
  • Desensitisation

Which aspect of lipid families is essential for the transport of proteins across the cell membrane?

  • Fatty acids
  • Glycolipids
  • Waxes
  • Phospholipids (correct)

Which of the following processes is included in membrane regulation?

<p>Endocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes DNA compared to RNA?

<p>DNA is organized into nucleosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The molecule transformations in the central dogma include which of the following?

<p>DNA to RNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

<p>tRNA matches codons on mRNA with specific amino acids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about amino acids is true?

<p>The chemical properties of the R-groups define amino acid diversity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about RNA is correct?

<p>RNA contains instructions for amino acid sequencing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when amino acids are joined together?

<p>Polypeptide chains (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the charge of amino acids in different pH environments?

<p>The pH level of the solution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following amino acids is not classified as charged?

<p>Alanine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed between sulfur groups in proteins?

<p>Disulfide bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structural level of protein refers to interactions between different polypeptide chains?

<p>Quaternary structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of interactions are crucial for the formation of the α-helix and β-sheet?

<p>Hydrogen bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can single nucleotide substitutions affect proteins?

<p>By altering protein folding and function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a hydrophilic amino acid?

<p>Easily interacts with water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lipids in cells?

<p>Define cell structure and compartments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Central Dogma

The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. It involves three main processes: replication, transcription, and translation.

DNA

DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule that carries the genetic instructions for building and maintaining an organism. It is organized into nucleosomes, which are compact structures formed by DNA wrapped around proteins.

RNA

RNA is a single-stranded molecule that acts as a messenger between DNA and the protein-making machinery of the cell. It exists in different forms, including messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA), each with a specific function.

Protein synthesis

Protein synthesis is the process by which cells build proteins based on the genetic instructions encoded in DNA. It involves two key steps: transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein).

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Amino acids

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Each amino acid has a unique chemical side chain, or 'R-group', which determines its properties. These properties can be hydrophobic or hydrophilic, large or small, flexible or rigid, and charged or uncharged.

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Disulfide bond

A covalent bond formed between the sulfur atoms of two cysteine amino acids.

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Charged amino acids

Amino acids that can donate or accept hydrogen ions (H+), depending on the pH of their environment.

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Protein folding

The 3D shape of a protein determined by interactions between amino acid side chains.

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Alpha-helix

A type of secondary protein structure characterized by a helical shape.

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Beta-sheet

A type of secondary protein structure characterized by a sheet-like arrangement of polypeptide chains.

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Tertiary structure

The 3D structure of a single polypeptide chain.

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Quaternary structure

The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains in a protein complex.

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Sickle cell anemia

A genetic mutation causing a single amino acid change in the hemoglobin protein, leading to abnormal red blood cell shape.

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Lipid Families

Fatty acids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, and waxes are all important types of lipids found in living organisms. They have diverse functions, including serving as building blocks for cell membranes and playing roles in energy storage, signaling, and insulation.

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What do cell membranes do?

Cell membranes are selectively permeable barriers that regulate the passage of molecules into and out of cells. They are essential for maintaining cellular integrity and controlling cellular processes.

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What is signal transduction?

Signal transduction is a complex process involving the transmission of signals from the outside of a cell to the inside. It involves a series of steps, including signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response. These pathways allow cells to respond to changes in their environment and maintain homeostasis.

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What is modularity in signaling?

Signal transduction pathways often share common components, enabling cells to mix and match these parts to create different signaling networks. This modularity allows for flexibility and diversity in cellular responses.

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What is protein metabolism?

Protein metabolism encompasses all the processes involved in the synthesis, modification, and degradation of proteins. This includes processes like protein synthesis, protein folding, and protein degradation. Understanding protein metabolism is crucial for understanding how cells function and how metabolism impacts the organism as a whole.

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What will BCH2MBC focus on?

BCH2MBC will explore the mechanisms underlying protein metabolism and its effects on cellular and organismal phenotypes. This includes understanding how proteins are synthesized, modified, and degraded, and how these processes impact cellular function and overall organismal health.

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Study Notes

  • This material has been reproduced by La Trobe University.
  • The material may be subject to copyright.
  • Further reproduction is subject to copyright protection.
  • Do not remove this notice

BCH2IBM Module 1 - Introduction

  • The module is a recap of BCH2IBM.
  • The presenter is Katrina Binger.

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

  • This lecture is a revision of BCH2IBM.
  • It is not assessable.

Cellular Life

  • Cellular life is organized into levels.
  • Level 4: The cell and its organelles
  • Level 3: Supramolecular complexes
  • Level 2: Macromolecules
  • Level 1: Monomeric units
  • Components include DNA, chromatin, protein, plasma membrane, cell wall, amino acids, nucleotides, and sugars.

The Central Dogma

  • The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information.
  • DNA is transcribed to RNA.
  • RNA is translated to protein.
  • Includes processes like transcription, splicing, translation, and post-translational modification.

DNA

  • Organized into nucleosomes.
  • Long-lived and chemically stable.
  • High-fidelity replication.
  • Chromatin is composed of nucleosomes, which are DNA wound around histones.

RNA

  • Flexible and chemically unstable.
  • Types of RNA include rRNA (ribosomal), mRNA (messenger), and tRNA (transfer).
  • Secondary structure includes hairpins, double-helical stem regions, and stem-loops.

mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

  • mRNA: Used in transcription; serves as a blueprint for protein synthesis.
  • rRNA: Used in translation; forms ribosomes that link amino acids.
  • tRNA: Used in translation; carries amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Protein Synthesis

  • RNA contains instructions for protein synthesis.
  • Codons (3 nucleotides) on RNA match anticodons on tRNA.
  • tRNA carries specific amino acids.
  • Amino acids join via peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains.

Hierarchical Structure of Proteins

  • Proteins have a hierarchical structure.
  • Primary: Sequence of amino acids.
  • Secondary: Local folding (alpha-helices, beta-sheets).
  • Tertiary: 3D folding pattern due to side chain interactions.
  • Quaternary: Multiple polypeptide chains arrange into a functional protein.

Amino Acids

  • Amino acids differ based on their R-groups.
  • Properties include hydrophobic/hydrophilic, large/small, flexible/rigid, charged/disulfide.
  • There are 20 different amino acids.
  • Amino acids are known by their full names, 3-letter abbreviations, and single letter codes.

Charged Amino Acids

  • Five amino acids are charged (Arg, Lys, Asp, Glu, His).
  • Their behavior as acids or bases depends on pH.
  • pH affects amino acid charge, influencing protein structure and function.

Protein Folding

  • Protein folding is determined by interactions of amino acid R-groups.
  • Interactions include hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals forces, disulfide bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds.

Protein Structure: Secondary

  • Secondary structures include alpha-helices and beta-sheets.

Protein Structure: Tertiary & Quaternary

  • Tertiary structures involve interactions within a polypeptide chain.
  • Quaternary structures involve interactions between different polypeptide chains.
  • Examples include hemoglobin and sickle cell anemia.

Cellular Compartmentalisation

  • Lipids define cell structure and internal structures.
  • Lipid families include fatty acids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, and waxes.
  • Membranes regulate biological functions, particularly transport of proteins.

Signalling

  • Six features of signal transduction: specific, amplification, modularity, desensitization, integration, and regulation.

Summary

  • BCH2IBM covered molecular mechanisms of DNA>RNA>Protein.
  • The next module (BCH2MBC) explores mechanisms of Protein>Metabolism effects on cellular and organism phenotypes.

Resources

  • BCH2IBM lecture slides are available on the LMS.
  • 'Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry' (2017) chapters 1, 2.1-2.3, 3, 4, 5, 8, 12, 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28 are useful resources.

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La Trobe University BCH2IBM Lecture Slides PDF

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