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Questions and Answers

What is a placebo treatment?

  • A treatment that is known to have no effect (correct)
  • A type of medication
  • A treatment that is effective
  • A treatment that can cure diseases

    • What does 'single blind' mean in an experiment?

    When either the participant or the experimenter is unaware of whether the participant is getting the real treatment or a placebo treatment.

    What is the definition of a double blind study?

    Neither the participant nor the research assistant knows what type of treatment the participant is receiving.

    What is an experimental group?

    <p>The participants who are randomly assigned to get the treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a control group?

    <p>The participants who are randomly assigned to not receive the treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an empty control group?

    <p>A control group that does not receive any kind of treatment, not even a placebo treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an independent variable?

    <p>The treatment variable; the variable manipulated by the experimenter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are levels of an independent variable?

    <p>The treatment variable is often given in different amounts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dependent variable?

    <p>Participants' scores--the response that the researcher is measuring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does independent random assignment mean?

    <p>Randomly determining, for each individual participant, whether they get the treatment, without considering previous assignments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of experimental hypothesis?

    <p>It is a prediction that the treatment will cause an effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the null hypothesis?

    <p>The hypothesis that there is no treatment effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does internal validity mean?

    <p>A study has internal validity if it can accurately determine whether an independent variable causes an effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are inferential statistics?

    <p>The science of inferring the characteristics of a population from a sample of that population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mean?

    <p>An average calculated by adding up all the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Central Limit Theorem?

    <p>The fact that, with large enough samples, the distribution of sample means will be normally distributed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a T-Test?

    <p>The most common way of analyzing data from a simple experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates statistical significance?

    <p>When a statistical test says that the relationship we observed is probably not due to chance alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does p <.05 indicate?

    <p>Indicates that if the treatment had no effect, such a difference would occur fewer than 5 times in 100.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Type 1 error?

    <p>Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is really true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Type 2 error?

    <p>Failure to reject the null hypothesis when it is really false.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is power in research?

    <p>The ability to find differences; or, the ability to avoid making Type 2 errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are null results?

    <p>Results that fail to disprove the null hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Placebo Treatment

    • Refers to a fake treatment with no therapeutic effect, used to measure the power of suggestion.
    • Commonly utilized in medical trials where participants may receive a non-active pill.

    Single Blind

    • Only one party, either the participant or the experimenter, is unaware of the treatment assignment.
    • Helps reduce bias in results by keeping participants or experimenters blind to treatments.

    Double Blind

    • Both the participant and the research assistant do not know which treatment is being administered.
    • Minimizes both participant and experimenter bias, enhancing study integrity.

    Experimental Group

    • Comprises participants randomly assigned to receive the treatment being tested.

    Control Group

    • Consists of participants who do not receive the treatment, serving as a comparison to the experimental group.

    Empty Control Group

    • This group receives no treatment whatsoever, not even a placebo.
    • Can lead to ambiguity in results as it doesn't account for potential placebo effects.

    Problem with Empty Control Group

    • If the treatment group performs better, it’s unclear if this is due to the actual treatment or a placebo effect.
    • Researchers often avoid empty control groups to enhance construct validity.

    Independent Variable

    • The manipulated variable within an experiment, which the experimental group receives more of compared to the control group.

    Levels of Independent Variable

    • Different amounts or variations of the treatment variable are provided to participants.

    Dependent Variable

    • The outcome that the researcher measures, reflecting the effects of the independent variable.

    Dependent Variable in Simple Experiment

    • The dependent variable is hypothesized to change as a result of the independent variable's influence.

    Independently

    • A crucial assumption in statistical testing, where the outcome of one participant must not influence another.

    Assigning Participants

    • Individual assignment to treatment or control conditions, along with independent testing, ensures independence among participants.

    Independent Random Assignment

    • Randomly decides participant treatment allocation without regard to previous assignments, crucial for maintaining experimental rigor.

    Experimental Hypothesis

    • A prediction asserting that the treatment will yield an effect, linking the independent variable to the dependent variable.

    Null Hypothesis

    • States there is no treatment effect, implying observed differences are coincidental rather than caused by the treatment.

    Null Hypothesis: Proving

    • While it can be disproven, it cannot be definitively proven; disproving lends credence to the experimental hypothesis.

    Simple Experiment

    • Characterized by randomly assigning participants to one of two groups, enhancing the ability to establish causation.

    Internal Validity

    • Refers to a study's capacity to accurately ascertain if the independent variable causes an effect, exclusive to experimental designs.

    Inferential Statistics

    • The methodology for making inferences about a population based on sample data.

    Population

    • Represents the entire group of interest, which can be analyzed through large random samples.

    Mean

    • An average computed by summing all scores and dividing by the number of scores.

    Central Limit Theorem

    • Indicates that larger sample sizes lead to normally distributed sample means, critical for statistical testing assumptions.

    T-Test

    • A primary analysis method for examining data from simple experiments, assessing group mean differences.

    T-Test: Computing Ratio

    • Involves calculating the ratio between differences in group means and the standard error of these differences.

    T-Test: Statistical Significance

    • Results are statistically significant if the observed difference surpasses three times the standard error; varies with participant count.

    T-Test: Absolute Value

    • If the calculated T value exceeds the standard tabled value, the results are considered significant.

    Statistical Significance

    • Indicates results are likely not due to chance, supporting the hypothesis.

    p < 0.05

    • Suggests that if no effect existed, observed differences would occur less than 5% of the time due to chance alone.

    Type 1 Error

    • Occurs when the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected, leading to false discoveries; less than a 5% chance if p < 0.05.

    Type 2 Error

    • Results from failing to reject the null hypothesis when it should be; implies missing an actual treatment effect.

    Power

    • The likelihood of detecting a true difference, hence preventing type 2 errors.

    Null Results

    • Outcomes that do not disprove the null hypothesis but do not confirm it either; often tied to issues of power and potential type 2 errors.

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