Untitled Quiz

Functional units of the nervous system; they capture information, are excitable (respond to electrical stimuli), conductive (conduct electricity), and secretory (secrete neurotransmitters).

Supporting cells of the nervous system. They aid in nourishment, insulation, protection, and organization of neurons, though they themselves do not transmit information.

The nervous system is made up of cells, not just a continuous network. This cellular structure is crucial for communication within the body.

A staining technique that visualizes the soma (cell body) of a neuron but not its extensions.

A staining technique that allows the visualization of the entire neuron and its processes ('neurites'), but doesn't reveal internal structures.

Neurons are divided into neurites (axon and dendrites), and the soma (cell body). They have a membrane with selective permeability regulated by proteins.

Neurons have a specific structure with dendrites accepting signals and axons transmitting them. This directional flow is crucial for communication.

Neurons have specific connections, where one neuron's activity influences another. This precise connectivity is vital for brain function.

A system of neural pathways that modulate voluntary movement, adjusting force, coordination. Damage can affect movement precision.

Neural pathways that transmit signals from the brain to the muscles, initiating movement. They have two main groups and paths.

Descending motor pathways that originate in the primary motor cortex and terminate in the spinal cord, controlling voluntary movements of the limbs and torso.

Dark brain region with neuromelanin, crucial for regulating muscle tone and inhibiting involuntary movements. Parkinson's disease is associated with its degeneration.

Crossing over of nerve fibers from one side of the brain or spinal cord to the opposite side.

Brain areas controlling shoulder and arm movement, more important for quadrupedal animals and infant movement (e.g., crawling).

Part of the CNS that connects the brain to the peripheral nerves. It processes information, controls movements, and mediates reflexes.

Dopamine-producing brain region, sending signals to reward centers (Nucleus Accumbens) and the prefrontal cortex.

Information about the environment and the body's internal state that travels from the body to the brain.

Brain structure involved in reward and pleasure sensations. Activated by dopamine. Crucial for reinforcing behaviors, involved in many addictions.

Signals that travel from the brain to the muscles creating movement.

Brain area crucial for executive functions (goal-directed behaviors and higher-level thinking).

Automatic, involuntary responses to stimuli, like pulling your hand away from a hot stove, that are mediated by the spinal cord without brain involvement

Lower part of the brain; includes the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, connecting the spinal cord to the higher brain centers.

A fatty layer that surrounds some nerve fibers, increasing the speed of nerve impulses.

The section of an axon covered by myelin.

The gaps between myelin sheaths on an axon, where signal jumps.

Cells that produce myelin in the central nervous system (CNS).

Cells that produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Cells that support and protect neurons in the nervous system.

Glial cells crucial for prenatal brain development, guiding neuron migration.

A type of glial cell that supports and maintains the connections between neurons.

Protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.

The outermost layer of the meninges, made of thick connective tissue.

Immune cells in the CNS that remove debris and damaged cells.

Cells that line the cavities of the brain and spinal cord and produce CSF (cerebrospinal fluid).

Fluid that cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord.

Part of the nervous system that controls involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.

Part of the nervous system responsible for voluntary movements.

Brain region that coordinates the autonomic and somatic nervous systems, maintains internal stability, and connects to the endocrine system.

The brain, specifically the hypothalamus, combines somatic and autonomic responses for a coordinated action.

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system in response to danger that prepares the body for action or flight.

Part of the autonomic nervous system; accelerates body functions (e.g., increased heart rate).

Part of the autonomic nervous system; slows down body functions (e.g., decreased heart rate).

Opposing actions of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, maintaining balance in the body.

The network of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, connecting the central nervous system to the body.

Clusters of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.

Neurons that transmit information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system.

Neurons that transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.

Part of the peripheral nervous system controlling voluntary muscle movements and sensory input from the external environment.

Part of the peripheral nervous system controlling involuntary bodily functions (heart rate, digestion, etc.).