Basketball and Volleyball

Basketball Basics

• Objective: Two teams with 5 players each aim to score by shooting a ball through a hoop.
• Scoring:
  • 2 points are awarded for shots made inside the arc.
  • 3 points are awarded for shots made beyond the arc.
  • 1 point is awarded for each successful free throw.
• Ball movement includes dribbling, which is bouncing the ball, and passing, which is moving the ball between teammates.
• The team with the most points at the end of the game wins.

History of Basketball

• Dr. James Naismith invented basketball in December 1891 to keep students active during the winter.
• The first game was played on January 20, 1892, with 9 players on each team on a court half the size of an NBA court.
• Women's basketball started in 1892, pioneered by Senda Berenson.

Basketball Equipment

• Court size according to FIBA standards is 28 meters x 15 meters.
• Ball sizes:
  • NBA: 29.5 inches (75 cm)
  • WNBA: 29 inches (74 cm)
  • College Men: 30 inches (76 cm)
  • College Women: 29 inches (74 cm)
  • High School: 27 inches (69 cm)
• Hoop height: 10 ft (3.05 m)
• Rim diameter: 18 inches (46 cm)
• Backboard size: 6 ft x 3.6 ft (1.83 m x 1.1 m)
• Shot clock:
  • NBA: 24 seconds
  • Offensive rebound reset: 14 seconds

Basic Basketball Skills

• Shooting:
  • Jump Shot: Shooting the ball while jumping.
  • Dunk: Slamming the ball directly through the hoop.
  • Alley-oop: A coordinated play where one player throws the ball near the basket for a teammate to catch and dunk.
  • Free throw: An unguarded shot taken from behind the free-throw line.
  • Layup: Shooting the ball near the basket off one foot.
  • Hook shot: Shooting the ball with one hand in a sweeping motion.
• Passing:
  • Overhead Pass: Passing the ball from above the forehead.
  • Chest Pass: Passing the ball from the chest.
  • Baseball Pass: A one-handed pass used for long distances.
  • Bounce Pass: Bouncing the ball to a teammate, aiming for waist height.
• Dribbling is controlled movement with the ball and is essential for advancing the ball.
• Rebounding:
  • Offensive Rebound: Keep possession of the ball after a missed shot.
  • Defensive Rebound: Gain possession of the ball after a missed shot.
  • "Board" is the stat for securing the ball after a missed shot.

Offense and Defense in Basketball

• Offense: A team's effort to score points.
• Defense: A team's effort to prevent the opposing team from scoring.
• "A good defense is a good offense."

Player Positions in Basketball

• Point Guard (PG): Organizes the offense.
• Shooting Guard (SG): Shoots from distance.
• Small Forward (SF): A versatile scorer and defender.
• Power Forward (PF): Plays close to the basket.
• Center (C): Typically the tallest player, focuses on rebounds and blocks.

Basketball Violations

• Ball Handling Violations:
  • Traveling: Moving without dribbling the ball.
  • Carrying: Placing the hand under the ball while dribbling.
  • Double Dribble: Dribbling with both hands simultaneously or starting to dribble again after stopping
• Time Violations:
  • 24-Second Violation: Failing to attempt a shot within 24 seconds.
  • 3-Second Violation: Remaining in the key (free throw lane) for more than 3 seconds.
  • 8-Second Violation: Failing to advance the ball past half-court within 8 seconds.
  • 5-Second Violation: Failing to inbound the ball within 5 seconds.
• Shooting Violations:
  • Goaltending: Interfering with a shot while it's descending towards the basket or on the rim.
  • Basket Interference: Touching the ball or the rim while the ball is directly above the basket.
• Other Violations:
  • Out of Bounds: Stepping out of bounds or throwing the ball out of bounds.
  • Lane Violation: Illegally entering the free throw lane during a free throw attempt.

Basketball Fouls

• Personal Foul: Illegal physical contact.
  • Offensive Foul: Charging.
  • Defensive Foul: Blocking, hand-checking.
  • Shooting Foul: Fouling a player while they are shooting.
• Technical Foul: Unsportsmanlike behavior, such as arguing.
• Flagrant Foul: Violent or dangerous contact.
• Holding: Illegally grabbing an opponent.
• Over-the-Back: Jumping over an opponent to gain a rebound.
• Illegal Screen: Moving while setting a screen.
• Hand Check: Using hands to impede an opponent's movement.
• Tripping: Causing an opponent to fall using one's feet.
• Team Fouls:
  • 4 fouls are allowed per quarter.
  • After 5+ fouls, the opposing team is awarded free throws.

Key Basketball Tips

• Offense = Score points
• Defense = Stop scoring
• Rebounds = More chances to score
• Passing + Dribbling = Key to moving the ball
• Violations = Loss of possession
• Fouls = Free throws for the other team

Volleyball History

• Volleyball was invented on February 9, 1895, in Holyoke, Massachusetts, USA.
• William G. Morgan (YMCA) invented the game and initially called it Mintonette.
• In 1896, the name was changed to volleyball because of the volleying nature of the game.
• Volleyball was introduced to the Philippines in 1910 by Elwood S. Brown.

Volleyball Equipment

• Net size: 2.75m tall x 10.6m long
  • Height (Palarong Pambansa):
    • Elementary: 2.10m (boys), 2.05m (girls)
    • High School: 2.43m (boys), 2.24m (girls)
• Antennae are placed on each side of the net; the ball must pass between them.
• Ball:
  • Circumference: 65–67 cm
  • Weight: 260–280g
  • Pressure: 0.30–0.325 kg/cm²
• Court:
  • Size: 18m x 9m
  • Attack Line: 3m from the net
  • Free Zone: 3m wide (around the court)
• A ball landing on the line during play is considered in.

Basic Volleyball Skills

• Dig Pass (Bump):
  • Use forearms to pass the ball to a teammate to prepare for an attack.
• Toss (Set):
  • The 2nd touch, where the setter tosses the ball for the spiker.
• Spike (Attack):
  • The 3rd touch, with the goal to land the ball on the opponent’s court, a successful spike is called a "Kill."
• Block:
  • The goal is to stop a spike and requires timing and jumping ability.
• Serve:
  • Starts the game, and there are three types:
    • Underhand: Easy to receive.
    • Overhand: Toss and hit with an open hand.
    • Jump Serve: High toss, jump, and hit.

Volleyball Player Positions

• Setter: Plans and sets up the offense.
• Libero: Defensive specialist with quick reactions; wears a different jersey.
• Middle Blocker: Primarily responsible for blocking and quick attacks.
• Outside Hitter: Attacks from the left side.
• Opposite Hitter: Defensive focus, attacks from the right side.

Basic Volleyball Rules

• Players in the Team:
  • 6 players on the court (3 front row, 3 back row).
  • Libero wears a different jersey.
• Scoring:
  • Point is scored:
    • When the ball is grounded on the opponent’s side.
    • When the opponent commits a fault/penalty.
  • Win a Set: First to 25 points (must lead by 2).
  • Win a Match: First to 3 sets.
  • 5th Set: First to 15 points (must lead by 2).
• Rotation:
  • Players rotate clockwise after winning a serve.
  • The back-right player serves.
• Ball In/Out:
  • In: Ball touches the boundary line.
  • Out: Ball lands outside the boundary or touches the antenna/ceiling.

Playing the Ball (Volleyball)

• A maximum of 3 hits per side is allowed, excluding a block.
• No consecutive touches by the same player are allowed.
• Simultaneous Contact by 2+ players = 2+ hits.

Volleyball Officials

• First Referee:
  • Controls the game and makes final decisions.
  • Directs the warm-up and toss.
• Second Referee:
  • Assists the First Referee.
  • Supervises team benches and player positioning.
• Scorer:
  • Records points, player positions, and errors.
• Line Judges:
  • 2 or 4 judges who monitor boundary lines.

Referees’ Official Hand Signals (Volleyball)

• Authorisation to Serve: Move hand to indicate direction of serve
• Team to Serve: Extend arm to the side of the serving team
• Change of Courts: Raise forearms front and back, twist around body
• Time-Out: Form a "T" with hands, then point to the requesting team
• Substitution: Circular motion of forearms around each other
• Misconduct Warning: Show yellow card
• Misconduct Penalty: Show red card
• Expulsion: Show both cards together
• Disqualification: Show red and yellow cards separately
• End of Set/Match: Cross forearms in front of chest, hands open
• Ball Not Tossed or Released at Serve: Lift extended arm, palm up
• Delay in Service: Raise eight fingers, spread open
• Blocking Fault/Screening: Raise both arms vertically, palms forward
• Positional/Rotational Fault: Circular motion with forefinger
• Ball “In”: Point arm and fingers toward floor
• Ball “Out”: Raise forearms vertically, palms toward body
• Catch: Slowly lift forearm, palm up
• Double Contact: Raise two fingers, spread open
• Four Hits: Raise four fingers, spread open
• Net Touched by Player: Indicate relevant side of net
• Reaching Beyond the Net: Place hand above net, palm down
• Attack Hit Fault: Downward motion with open hand
• Penetration into Opponent's Court: Point to center/relevant line
• Double Fault & Replay: Raise both thumbs vertically
• Ball Touched: Brush palm of one hand on the fingers of the other
• Delay Warning/Penalty: Cover wrist with:
  • Yellow card for warning
  • Red card for penalty

Line Judges’ Official Flag Signals (Volleyball)

• Ball “In”: Point down with flag
• Ball “Out”: Raise flag vertically
• Ball Touched: Raise flag + touch top with free hand
• Crossing Space Fault, Ball Touched Outside Object, or Foot Fault: Wave flag over head + point to antenna/line
• Judgment Impossible: Cross arms and hands in front of chest