Basketball basics

Basketball

• Basketball is a team sport
• Points are scored by shooting a ball through a horizontal basket
• The game is played following specific rules
• Two teams of five try to shoot a ball through an 18-inch hoop
• The hoop is mounted 10 feet high on backboards at both ends of a rectangular court
• Invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith
• Naismith was a Canadian-American physical educator, physician, chaplain, sports coach, and innovator
• Dribbling advances or maintains control by repeatedly pushing, patting, tapping, or batting the ball on the floor

Basic Elements of Basketball

• Backboard and Basket are rectangular (6' x 3.5'), with an 18" metal rim and net
• The game clock times play periods and intervals
• Passing moves the ball to a teammate to start plays and avoid defenders
• The ball is made of leather, rubber, or synthetic material with a circumference of 75-78 cm and weighs 600-650g

Team Composition

• A maximum of 10 members play two 20-minute halves
• There is a max of 12 teams for games of 4 periods of 12 minutes
• The team consists of a coach, assistant coach, and 5 team followers, like a manager, doctor, etc
• A team foul indicator shows fouls, 8 for 2x20 games and 5 for 4x12 games

Gameplay Elements

• Rebounding involves grabbing a missed shot from the rim or backboard
• A scoresheet is used for recording game details
• A Player Foul Marker indicates a player's fouls, using 1-5 in black and 6 in red
• The Ring and Backboard is a solid iron ring (45 cm diameter), attached 3.05m above the floor
• Court Dimensions are 25m x 18m, rubberized for outdoors and wooden for indoor courts
• Shooting is attempting to score by throwing the ball into the basket
• The 30-second device counts down shot-clock time automatically
• A time-out watch is used to time team time-outs

13 Original Rules (Key Points)

• The ball can be thrown in any direction with one or both hands
• Running with the ball is not allowed
• The ball must be held in the hands
• Physical contact, such as shouldering, holding, or pushing, is not allowed
• Penalties are given for fouls; repeated fouls lead to goals for the opposing team
• There are rules for out-of-bounds, umpiring, refereeing, and timekeeping
• Games were originally played in two 15-minute halves

Equipment

• Early basketballs were soccer balls
• The first "basketball" was smaller, about 30 inches in diameter in 1840
• Peach baskets were the first hoops
• Metal baskets with holes came later, in 1906
• Nets were invented in 1913

Volleyball

• Volleyball is a team sport of two teams of six players separated by a net
• The Federation Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) is the governing body
• William J. Morgan invented the sport in 1895 at the YMCA in Holyoke, Massachusetts
• The first game was played on July 7, 1896
• The set and spike were introduced in the Philippines in 1916
• Volleyball became an Olympic sport in 1964
• It was originally called "Mintonette"

Early Rules (by W.G. Morgan)

• Net height: 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
• Court size: 25 x 50 ft (7.6 x 15.2 m)
• There was no limit on the number of players
• Matches had nine innings with three serves per team per inning
• There was no limit on ball contacts
• A second try was allowed for a serving error
• Hitting the ball into the net was a foul, except on the first serve

Facilities and Equipment

• The Service Line is the area from which the server may serve the volleyball, 10 feet inside the right sideline on each back line
• The Center Line divides the court equally into 30 feet squares (9m), above which the net is placed
• The Attack Line marks the front zone, 3m back from the axis of the center line
• The Boundary Line is defined by two sidelines and two end lines marking the playing court

Volleyball Court Specifications

• Dimensions: 60 x 30 ft (18m x 9m)
• The in-play area is 30 ft x 30 ft on each side
• Lines are white and 5 cm wide
• The ball is spherical and made of flexible or synthetic leather with a rubber bladder
• It's of a uniform light color or a combination of colors
• Circumference: 20-27 inches (65-67 cm)
• Weight: 9-10 oz (260-280 g)
• Inside pressure: 4.26-4.61 psi (0.30 to 0.325 kg/cm^2)
• Net posts are 36 feet apart and 3 feet from the sidelines

Soccer (Football)

• Soccer's history traces back over 2,000 years, with origins in ancient China
• Modern football originated in 19th-century Britain
• "Folk football" was played in medieval times with local customs and minimal rules
• Industrialization and urbanization impacted the game
• Public schools like Winchester, Charterhouse, and Eton played football with their own rules
• Cambridge University attempted to standardize rules in 1843 and adopted "Cambridge Rules" in 1848
• The Football Association (FA) was formed in 1863 and printed rules prohibiting carrying the ball
• By 1870, the FA prohibited all ball handling except by the goalkeeper
• Not all clubs accepted the new rules, especially around Sheffield, which formed the Sheffield Football Association
• FA clubs started a cup competition in 1871
• By 1877, a uniform code was agreed upon in Great Britain

Equipment

• The football is 28-30 cm (11-12 in) long with a circumference of 58-62 cm (23-24 in)
• Footballs weigh 410-460 g (14-16 oz) and are inflated to 65.7-68.8 kPa (9.5-10.0 psi)
• The pitch is rectangular, with longer sides called touchlines and opposing sides called goal lines
• Goal lines are 45-90 m (50-100 yd) wide; for international matches, 64-75 m or 70-80 yd
• Touchlines are 90-120 m (100-130 yd) long; for international matches, 100-110 m or 110-120 yd
• Goals are at the center of each goal line, with posts 7.32 meters (8 yd) apart and a crossbar 2.44 meters (8 ft) above the ground

Major Fouls

• Kicking or trying to kick an opponent
• Tripping an opponent
• Jumping at an opponent
• Charging an opponent dangerously or violently
• Charging an opponent from behind violently
• Striking or attempting to strike an opponent
• Holding or pushing an opponent
• Touching the ball with hands (handling the ball)

Fundamental Skills

• Passing
• Receiving a pass
• Shooting
• Dribbling
• Goalkeeping

Cricket

• Evidence suggests cricket originated in England in the 12th-13th century
• The London Cricket Club produced recognizable modern rules in 1744

Global Presence

• There are 96 cricket-playing nations
• The U.S. has 29 leagues, 500 clubs, and over 10,000 players

The Cricket Field

• It's a large circular or oval-shaped grassy ground
• There are no fixed dimensions, the diameter varies between 137m to 150m
• The four main parts are pitch, close infield, infield, and outfield

Players and Officials

• 11 players are on each team
• Teams consist of 2 batsmen, 1 bowler, 1 wicket-keeper, and 9 fielders
• There are 2 umpires
• There are 2 sets of wickets on each side

Equipment

• The bat is made of wood shaped like a blade with a cylindrical handle
• The ball is hard and leather-seamed
• The wicket consists of three stumps hammered into the ground, topped with two bails
• Additional Equipment includes a helmet, batting gloves, pads, box, rib protectors, shoulder pads, and arm pads