Basics of Information Technology Quiz

Basics of Information Technology

• Information Technology (IT) is a broad term encompassing technology use to manage and process information
• Key functions include data storage, retrieval, transmission, and manipulation

Data Storage

• Methods and devices used for data preservation and future access
• Hard Drives: Traditional magnetic storage
• Solid-State Drives (SSDs): Flash memory, faster and more reliable than hard drives
• Cloud Storage: Remote servers accessed via the internet
• Databases: Organized data collections

Data Retrieval

• Techniques and technologies for efficient data access
• Search Algorithms: Used to find specific data in large datasets (e.g., binary search, hash tables, search engines)
• Query Languages: Languages like SQL for interacting with databases and retrieving data
• Indexing: Speeding up retrieval by creating indexes
• Caching: Storing frequently accessed data to reduce retrieval times

Data Transmission

• Communication systems and protocols to transfer data between systems.
• Networking: Infrastructure for device communication (e.g., LANs, WANs, the internet)
• Communication Protocols: Rules for data exchange (e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP)
• Encryption: Techniques for securing data during transmission.

Data Manipulation

• Software and algorithms used to modify data for insights and decision-making.
• Data Processing: Converting raw data into usable formats
• Data Analysis: Techniques like statistical analysis, machine learning, data mining
• Data Visualization: Creating graphical data representations

Database Management Systems (DBMS)

• Software systems for database creation, management and use.
• Examples include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, and MongoDB.

History of IT

• Abacus: One of the earliest known computing tools
• Mechanical Calculators: Early mechanical calculators (e.g., Pascaline, Leibniz Wheel)
• Analytical Engine: Mechanical general-purpose computer concept by Charles Babbage
• Digital Computers: ENIAC, early electronic general-purpose digital computers
• Mainframe Computers: Powerful computers used mainly for large transactions

Importance of IT in Business

• Efficiency: Automation of routine tasks (e.g., data entry, inventory)
• Productivity: Streamlining communication and coordination
• Decision Making: Using data analysis tools for insights and strategic planning
• Innovation: Enabling product development, digital transformation, and customer engagement
• Cost Reduction: Optimized workflows and resource management

Components of IT Systems

• Hardware: Physical components

• Computers, Servers, Storage Devices (HDDs, SSDs, NAS), Networking Equipment (routers, switches, modems), Peripheral Devices.

• Software: Programs running on the hardware. 

• Operating Systems (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux), Productivity Software (e.g., Microsoft Office), Specialized Applications, And Development Tools

• Data: Raw facts and figures to be managed and processed

• Big data (large, complex datasets), Big Data analysis techniques 

• Human Resources: Skilled professionals

• IT Managers, Developers, Network Administrators, Support Staff, IT Data Scientists and Analysts

IT Applications

• Healthcare: EHRs, Telemedicine
• Finance: Online banking, fraud detection, financial analysis
• Retail: Ecommerce, Inventory Management
• Education: E-learning platforms, assessment tools
• Manufacturing: Supply chain management, production planning

Networking Devices and Types of Networks

• Router: Connects different networks and manages packet flow
• Switch: Connects devices within a network and forwards data based on MAC addresses
• Hub: Basic networking devices that broadcast data to all connected devices
• Modem: Converts digital to analog signals
• LAN: Connects devices in limited area,
• WAN: Connects devices across large distances
• MAN: Connects devices in a metropolitan area
• PAN: Connects devices for person-centered use
• CAN: Connects devices in a campus area

Operating Systems Overview

• Windows: Widely used, graphical user interface, supports several hardware and software devices.
• macOS: Sleek design, robust performance, integrated with other Apple products
• Linux: Open-source kernel, highly customizable
• Mobile OS: Optimized for mobile devices (e.g., Android, iOS).

IPv4 Addressing Schemes

• Numeric system used for computer networks
• Decimal and binary representations
• Network and host portions of an IP address

Networking Protocols

• TCP/IP: Foundation for internet and most local networks, including TCP, UDP, IP and related tools
• HTTP: Used for transmitting web pages
• FTP: Used for transferring files

Networking Topologies

• Star: Devices connected to a central hub
• Bus: Devices share a single communication line
• Ring: Devices connected in a circular path
• Mesh: Devices are interconnected with direct links

Cybersecurity Fundamentals

• Prevention and protection of systems from digital attacks
• Key concepts: CIA Triad, Authentication, Non-repudiation
• Types of threats: malware, phishing, DoS / DDoS, MitM Attacks
• Defense mechanisms: firewalls, antivirus software, intrusion detection systems (IDS)

Best Practices for Cybersecurity

• Regular updates, strong passwords, data backup, network segmentation, and user training are vital
• Network security is important by protecting the infrastructure from harmful activities

Digital Forensics

• Process of identifying and presenting legally acceptable digital evidence
• Steps: Identification, Preservation, Collection, Examination, Analysis, and Presentation
• Applications: criminal cases, investigations, data breaches.
• Techniques and tools for all forms of digital forensics.

Governance, Risk, and Compliance (GRC)

• Framework of rules supporting ethical business, compliance, and risk mitigation
• Governance: setting strategic goals & accountability
• Risk management: identifying, assessing & controlling threats
• Compliance: adherence to rules, standards, laws
• Components: Governance, Risk Management, and Compliance.