Basics of ECG in Health Studies

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems in 1991.
It was originally called Oak.
Java is a purely object-oriented language.
Java works by compiling code into bytecode, then interpreting it to machine code.

To install Java, go to Google and search "Install JDK".
Then, install a Java IDE (Integrated Development Environment) by going to Google and searching "Install IntelliJ Idea".
JDK (Java Development Kit) is a collection of tools used for developing and running Java programs.
JRE (Java Runtime Environment) helps execute Java programs.

package: Groups related classes in a program
public class Main: Entry point of the application.
public static void main(String[] args): The main method, where the program execution starts.
Standard naming conventions are used for classes and methods.

A variable is a container that stores a value, which can change during program execution.
Data types in Java fall under two categories:
- Primitive data types (intrinsic)
- Non-primitive data types (derived)
Rules for declaring a variable name:
- Must not begin with a digit
- Must not use a keyword
- Cannot have spaces
- Can contain letters, numbers, and the underscore character (_), or the dollar sign ($), but should generally follow Pascal or camelCase conventions.

byte: Stores whole numbers from -128 to 127, takes 1 byte, default value is 0.
short: Stores whole numbers from -32,768 to 32,767, takes 2 bytes, default value is 0.
int: Stores whole numbers from −2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647, takes 4 bytes, default value is 0.
long: Stores whole numbers with a wider range, takes 8 bytes, default value is 0.
float: Stores decimal numbers, takes 4 bytes, default value is 0.0f.
double: Stores decimal numbers with a wider range, takes 8 bytes, default value is 0.0d.
char: Stores a single character, takes 2 bytes, default value is '\u0000'.
boolean: Stores true or false values, takes 1 bit, default value is false.

Keywords are reserved words in Java for specific purposes and cannot be used as identifiers.

Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.
Common operator types include arithmetic, assignment, comparison, logical, and bitwise operators.
Operators have different precedence levels, and parentheses can be used to change the order of evaluation.

A String in Java is a sequence of characters.
String methods are used to perform operations on strings, such as finding length, converting to uppercase/lowercase, extracting substrings, etc.

if-else statements allow a program to execute different blocks of code depending on whether a condition is true or false.
switch statements provide another way to execute conditional logic, particularly useful with many possible outcomes.

Arrays are used to store collections of similar data types in a single variable.
Accessing array elements uses indexing (starting from 0).

Methods define reusable blocks of code that can be called from other parts of the program.
Method overloading involves creating multiple methods with the same name but different parameters.

Recursion is the process of a method calling itself within its own definition.
It's often used to solve problems that can be broken down into smaller, self-similar subproblems.

Inheritance allows creating new classes (subclasses) based on existing classes (superclasses), inheriting their properties and methods.

Java packages group related classes and interfaces to organize code, avoid naming conflicts, and improve the structure of large programs.
Using packages is crucial when developing applications with multiple developers and many source files.

Abstract classes and interfaces provide a way to define common behavior that can be reused by different classes.
Interfaces are also a crucial tool in helping to follow object oriented programming best practices, especially in design and implementation

Exception handling handles errors and unexpected situations, preventing the program from crashing.
Common types of exceptions include NullPointerException, ArithmeticException, and IndexOutOfBoundsException.