Basics of Chemistry

Inorganic Chemistry: study of inorganic compounds, such as minerals and salts
Organic Chemistry: study of organic compounds, such as carbon-based molecules
Physical Chemistry: study of the physical properties and behavior of matter
Analytical Chemistry: study of the analysis and identification of substances
Biochemistry: study of the chemical processes in living organisms

Inorganic Chemistry focuses on inorganic compounds, including minerals and salts.
Organic Chemistry deals with organic compounds, characterized by carbon-based molecules.
Physical Chemistry investigates the physical properties and behavior of matter.
Analytical Chemistry involves the analysis and identification of substances.
Biochemistry explores the chemical processes in living organisms.

Protons are positively charged particles within the nucleus, influencing the atomic number.
Neutrons have no charge and are found in the nucleus, contributing to the mass number.
Electrons are negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus, with energy levels determining their arrangement.
Atomic Number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus, defining the element.
Mass Number is the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus, influencing the atom's mass.

Ionic Bonding is a result of electron transfer between atoms, forming ions with opposing charges.
Covalent Bonding involves the sharing of electrons between atoms, resulting in a stable molecule.
Hydrogen Bonding is a weak attractive force between molecules, crucial for biological processes.
Polar Covalent Bonding occurs when electrons are unequally shared between atoms, resulting in partial charges.

Chemical Equations represent reactions using chemical formulas, with reactants and products clearly identified.
Reactants are the substances that undergo a reaction, being transformed into products.
Products are the substances formed as a result of a reaction, having different properties than the reactants.
Activation Energy is the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur, overcome by catalysts.
Catalysts speed up reactions without being consumed, allowing for efficient processes.

Moles are units of measurement for the amount of a substance, with one mole containing 6.022 x 10^23 particles.
Molar Mass is the mass of one mole of a substance, calculated from its atomic masses.
Empirical Formulas represent the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.
Molecular Formulas display the actual number of atoms in a compound, providing more detailed information.

Chromatography separates mixtures based on properties such as solubility, charge, or molecular size.
Spectroscopy analyzes the interaction between matter and energy, revealing structural information.
Titration determines the concentration of a substance by reacting it with a known quantity.
Crystallization separates a pure substance from a solution, utilizing differences in solubility.