Basic Statistics Definitions

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Population = An entire group to be studied Sample = A selection or subset of members from the population Element = A single member of a population or sample Variable = A characteristic of the members of a population

Match the following types of statistics with their purpose:

Descriptive Statistics = Organizing and summarizing information Inferential Statistics = Drawing conclusions about a population from a sample Census = Collecting data from ALL members of a population Sampling Survey = Collecting data from a sample of a population

Match the types of variables with their descriptions:

Qualitative Variable = Measures a non-numerical characteristic Quantitative Variable = Measures a characteristic that can be ranked or ordered Discrete Quantitative Variable = Can only take on certain values, usually integers Continuous Quantitative Variable = Can take on any value within an expected range

Match the types of data with their definitions:

Univariate Data = Only 1 variable sampled on the elements Bivariate Data = Two variables sampled on the elements Multivariate Data = Three or more variables sampled Cross-Sectional Data = Data sampled at a particular point in time Signup and view all the answers

Match the following data collection methods with their characteristics:

Cross-Sectional Data = Sampled at a particular point in time Time-Series Data = Sampled at multiple points in time Sampling = The selection of elements from a population for study Sampling Design = A methodology for choosing elements from a population Signup and view all the answers

Match the key terms with their respective notations:

N = Population size (number of elements in the population) n = Sample size (number of elements in the sample) E = Single member of a population or sample V = A characteristic of members of a population Signup and view all the answers

Match the statistical concepts with their examples:

Descriptive Statistics = Summarizing survey results Inferential Statistics = Projecting sample findings to the entire population Census = Data collection from every household Sampling Survey = Conducting a poll of 1000 voters Signup and view all the answers

Match the sampling methods with their descriptions:

Simple Random Sampling = Every member of the population has an equal chance of selection Systematic Sampling = Selecting every k-th member from a list Stratified Sampling = Dividing the population into subgroups before sampling Cluster Sampling = Sampling entire groups or clusters within the population Signup and view all the answers

Match the following random sampling designs with their descriptions:

Simple Random Sampling = Every element has an equal likelihood of being chosen Stratified Random Sampling = Selecting elements from subgroups proportionally Cluster Sampling = Dividing the population into clusters and including all from selected clusters Systematic Sampling = Selecting every kth element after a random start Signup and view all the answers

Match the following non-random sampling designs with their definitions:

Convenience Sampling = Sampling all easily accessible elements Judgement Sampling = Experimenter decides the sample based on specific criteria Quota Sampling = Selecting based on proportions of subgroups Purposive Sampling = Selecting elements for a specific purpose or study Signup and view all the answers

Match the following experimental designs with their characteristics:

Observational Studies = Researchers observe characteristics without intervention Designed Experiment = Researchers employ treatments and controls Field Study = Conducting research in a natural setting Laboratory Experiment = Conducting research in a controlled environment Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions of sampling designs with their types:

Stratified Random Sampling = Proportional selection from differentiated groups Cluster Sampling = Sampling entire groups rather than individual elements Systematic Sampling = K-th selection method following a random start Simple Random Sampling = Pure chance selection without any constraints Signup and view all the answers

Match the experimental design terms with their definitions:

Control = A method to minimize effects from factors other than those of interest Randomization = The process of randomly assigning subjects to groups Replication = Using a sufficient number of subjects to ensure group similarity Blind Experiment = Subjects unaware of their treatment assignment Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of designs with their descriptions:

Completely Randomized Design = All experimental units are randomly assigned to treatments Randomized Block Design = Units are assigned to treatments within specified blocks Blind Experiment = Subjects do not know the treatment they are receiving Double-Blind Experiment = Neither subjects nor experimenters know the treatment assignments Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sampling methods with their intended use:

Convenience Sampling = Useful for preliminary research Judgement Sampling = Suitable for focused studies on specific groups Simple Random Sampling = Ideal for generalizing to a larger population Cluster Sampling = Efficient for geographically dispersed populations Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to groups in an experiment:

Treatment Group = Group receiving a specific treatment Control Group = Group not receiving the experimental treatment Treatment = Combination of levels of one or more factors Levels = Possible values that a factor can take Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sampling terms with their explanations:

Quota Sampling = Combines elements of stratified and non-random sampling Simple Random Sampling = Uses random number generators for selection Systematic Sampling = Ensures regular spacing in selection Stratified Random Sampling = Requires prior knowledge of population subgroups Signup and view all the answers

Match the principles of experimental design with their purposes:

Control = To isolate the effects of treatments Randomization = To avoid selection bias among groups Replication = To enhance detection of treatment differences Randomized Block Design = To control for variability among blocks Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statistical principles with their associated sampling designs:

Random Sampling = Enhances the ability to make inferences about a population Non-Random Sampling = Limits generalizability of results Stratified Sampling = Aims for representation across diverse groups Systematic Sampling = Simplicity and ease of implementation Signup and view all the answers

Match the block types with their characteristics:

Recipient of Treatment = Experimental units that receive specific treatment Baseline Treatment = A treatment given to control groups Response Variable = Outcome measured in an experiment Factor = Variable whose effect is of interest Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of sampling surveys to their features:

Observational Studies = Data collected through observation Designed Experiment = Involves both treatment and control groups Survey Research = Involves asking questions to gather data Focus Groups = Utilizes discussions for qualitative insights Signup and view all the answers

Match terms with related aspects of biases in experiments:

Control Group = Helps mitigate biases by providing a comparison Blind Experiment = Reduces response bias from individuals' attitudes Double-Blind Experiment = Eliminates bias introduced by experimenters' attitudes Randomization = A strategy against selection bias in group formation Signup and view all the answers

Match the examples of experimental conditions to their definitions:

Three Daily Meals = Prescribed nutritional condition for participants Exercise Level = Factor in the weight loss study Similar Backgrounds = Criteria used to ensure group comparability Weight Loss = Response variable measured in the study Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with the appropriate experimental processes:

Controlled Experimentation = Used to isolate treatment effects Selection Bias = Unintentional bias due to group constitution Experimental Units = Subjects assigned to treatments Sufficient Number of Subjects = Essential for reliable replication Signup and view all the answers

Match the daily caloric intake ranges with their corresponding treatment groups:

1500 – 2000 calories = Daily caloric intake between 1500 – 2000 calories, No exercise 2000 – 2500 calories = Daily caloric intake between 2000 – 2500 calories, 30 minutes of physical activity Signup and view all the answers

Match the daily exercise levels with their respective treatment groups:

No exercise = Daily caloric intake between 2000 – 2500 calories, No exercise 15 minutes of physical activity = Daily caloric intake between 1500 – 2000 calories, 15 minutes of physical activity 30 minutes of physical activity = Daily caloric intake between 2000 – 2500 calories, 15 minutes of physical activity Signup and view all the answers

Match the treatment group descriptions with their calorie and exercise levels:

Control Group = 2000 – 2500 calories, No exercise Daily caloric intake between 2000 – 2500 calories, 15 minutes of physical activity = Daily caloric intake between 1500 – 2000 calories, 30 minutes of physical activity Daily caloric intake between 1500 – 2000 calories, No exercise = Daily caloric intake between 2000 – 2500 calories, 30 minutes of physical activity Daily caloric intake between 1500 – 2000 calories, 30 minutes of physical activity = Daily caloric intake between 2000 – 2500 calories, 15 minutes of physical activity Signup and view all the answers

Match the potential biases with their explanations:

Selection bias = Minimized by random assignment of respondents to treatment groups Motivational bias = Respondents may assume no exercise means less weight loss Experimental bias = Due to not controlling for respondents' attitudes Replication bias = Ensured by having 80 men in each treatment group Signup and view all the answers

Match the treatment levels with their group counts:

Control Group = 80 men Daily caloric intake between 2000 – 2500 calories, 15 minutes of physical activity = 80 men Daily caloric intake between 1500 – 2000 calories, No exercise = 80 men Daily caloric intake between 1500 – 2000 calories, 30 minutes of physical activity = 80 men Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes