Questions and Answers
Visual responses are examined in a socially ______ manner.
acceptable
Techniques such as drawing and mapping help avoid the need for ______ skills.
verbal
Naturalistic observation involves observing people in their natural ______.
surroundings
Laboratory observation provides a better description and more ______ than naturalistic observation.
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Participants are tested on abilities, skills, knowledge, or ______ responses.
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Behavioral and performance measures provide objectively measured ______ information.
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Observer bias can occur without ______ conditions.
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Naturalistic observation attempts to avoid altering behavior by observing people in ______ conditions.
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A correlational study attempts to find a relationship between two ______ variables.
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Correlational studies can help generate ______ concerning causal relationships.
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In correlational studies, researchers analyze the relationship between one variable based on ______ of another.
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Correlational studies enable the ______ of potential outcomes based on variable interactions.
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In __________ studies, researchers often look for relationships between variables.
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While correlational studies are useful, they cannot establish ______ and effect.
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Correlational studies can identify __________ between two or more variables.
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One limitation of correlational studies is that they cannot establish __________ between variables.
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These studies often measure the strength and direction of a ______ relationship.
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Correlational studies can show that two variables are ______, but not that one causes the other.
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The __________ coefficient is used to determine the strength and direction of a relationship in correlational studies.
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A positive correlation means that as one variable increases, the other ______ also tends to increase.
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Correlational studies can be __________ and less expensive than experimental designs.
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One advantage of correlational studies is their ability to study variables in __________ settings.
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In correlational research, a positive correlation indicates that as one variable __________, the other variable also tends to increase.
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Correlational studies can help generate __________ for further experimental research.
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Study Notes
Basic Research Design
- Case Study: An in-depth examination of an individual that offers detailed insights into behavior and development, generating hypotheses.
- Advantages of Case Studies: Provides flexibility and detailed pictures but lacks generalizability and cannot directly establish causation.
- Ethnographic Study: Focuses on cultural dynamics; helps mitigate cultural biases and tests the universality of developmental phenomena.
- Correlational Study: Investigates relationships between variables, allowing predictions regarding causation, but cannot confirm cause and effect.
Research Designs for Studying Human Development
- Cross-Sectional Design: Data collected from various ages simultaneously; beneficial for finding differences between age groups and is efficient but fails to establish age effects and can suffer from cohort effects.
- Longitudinal Design: Follows the same individuals over time to observe changes or continuity; although it accounts for age-related effects, it is resource-intensive and may introduce attrition and sample bias.
- Visual Techniques: Utilize drawing or mapping to gather data through non-verbal means which can reduce phrasing biases in questioning.
- Naturalistic Observation: Involves observing individuals in their natural environments without interference; provides authentic data but is prone to observer bias.
- Laboratory Observation: Conducted in a more controlled environment, enhancing data precision while potentially introducing artificiality.
- Behavioral and Performance Measures: Assess participants’ abilities or responses objectively, circumventing subjective biases but may not capture non-behavioral dimensions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the main characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of basic research design as outlined by Papalia and Martorell. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of research methodologies essential for psychology and related fields.
