Basic Osteology Lecture Notes

Compact bone is dense and strong. It's structure is organized in units called osteons (Haversian systems).

Cancellous bone is spongy and lightweight. It has a lattice-like structure.

Bone is mostly made up of collagen and calcium phosphate. Its functions include support, protection, movement, and blood cell production.

Stem cells which give rise to osteoblasts.

Bone-forming cells.

Mature bone cells.

Bone-resorbing cells.

The process of increasing bone size and mass throughout life.

Formation of bone directly from mesenchymal tissues.

Formation of bone by replacing cartilage models.

The part of the skeleton that forms the central axis, including the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

The part of the skeleton that includes the limbs and the supporting girdles.

Support, protection, movement, blood cell production, and mineral storage are the functions of the skeletal system.

Compact bone that forms the outer layer of bones, protecting and supporting them.

Spongy bone, found inside bones, providing support and storing red bone marrow.

Structural unit of compact bone, arranged in a regular pattern.

An unorganized network of bone tissue surrounding bone marrow spaces.

Many osteons (Haversian systems) are arranged in a regular pattern.

Rings of hard, calcified intercellular substance in osteons.

Spaces in bone tissue containing osteocytes (bone cells).

Tiny canals that connect lacunae, allowing osteocytes to communicate and exchange materials.

Channels that run perpendicular to Haversian canals, connecting blood vessels.

Thin plates of bone forming the latticework of cancellous (spongy) bone.

The central part of a bone that begins to form bone tissue during or shortly after development in the womb. Examples include the shaft of long bones.

An area in a bone that forms bone later in development than the primary centre.

The fibrous membrane that covers the outside of a bone, helping with fracture repair, bone nourishment, and tendon/ligament attachment.

The thin layer of cells lining the internal surface of a bone, covering trabeculae and canals.

The long, main shaft of a long bone.

The hollow area inside the diaphysis of a long bone, often containing marrow.

The region between the diaphysis and epiphysis of a long bone. Key for bone growth.

The rounded end of a long bone. Filled with spongy bone and red marrow.

A layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis that allows bone to grow in length during development.

The initial point of bone development within a cartilage model.

The initial stage of bone repair, characterized by blood clot formation at the fracture site due to damaged blood vessels. This clot seals damaged vessels and prevents further bleeding.

Additional centers that appear later in bone growth, usually at the ends, forming the epiphyses.

The shaft-like portion of a long bone, formed through thickening & lengthening of the formation collar.

The second stage of bone repair, where connective tissue cells (fibroblasts) enter, and lay down collagen fibres and cartilage. New blood vessels and cells form granulation tissue, and osteoblasts make initial spongy bone.

The expanded end of a long bone, often containing secondary ossification centers

The final stage, where the fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced by spongy bone. Blood vessels and cells invade and, osteoblasts replace the soft callus with hard bone.

Cartilage covering the ends of bones where they meet at joints.

A localized collection of clotted blood, which forms at the fracture site as a result of broken blood vessels.

A cartilaginous growth plate in developing long bones that allows for lengthwise growth.

Newly formed connective tissue during the repair process that contains new blood vessels and inflammatory cells.

The four phases of bone healing: Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling

The point when the epiphyseal plate fuses, stopping bone growth in length.

The continuous process of bone resorption and formation.

Fracture Hematoma Formation, Fibrocartilaginous callus formation, Bony Callus Formation... and more.

Various factors may influence bone growth, including nutrition, genetics, and hormones.

The process where osteoclasts break down damaged/dead bone tissue, and new spongy/compact bone forms to repair fractures. This leads to strong, aligned bone.

A type of joint with a joint cavity, cartilage-covered bone ends, a capsule lined with a synovial membrane and synovial fluid, bursae (cushions), and ligaments/tendons supporting the joint.

Connective tissue encasing a synovial joint, holding the bones and contents of the joint.

Smooth cartilage covering the ends of bones in synovial joints; providing cushioning and reducing friction.

Membrane lining the joint capsule of a synovial joint, secreting synovial fluid.

Fluid in the joint cavity of synovial joints that nourishes cartilage, reduces friction, and lubricates the joint.

Small pouches of synovial fluid located around a synovial joint; providing cushioning and reducing friction.

Fibrous bands connecting bone to bone in a joint, providing stability.

Connective tissues connecting muscles to bones, enabling movement.