212B Neuro
28 Questions
4 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for mood regulation?

  • GABA
  • Dopamine
  • Acetylcholine
  • Serotonin (correct)

    • Neurons are primarily responsible for providing structural support for the brain.

    False (B)

    What is the term for the state when the inside of a neuron becomes less negative due to sodium influx?

    Depolarization

    The primary role of the _____ pump is to maintain the resting state of a neuron by pumping sodium out and potassium in.

    <p>sodium-potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of neurons with their functions:

    <p>Motor Neurons = Conduct signals to muscles Sensory Neurons = Transmit sensory information to the brain Interneurons = Connect other neurons within the brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the myelin sheath?

    <p>Insulates the axon and speeds up nerve conduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebellum is primarily responsible for reasoning and decision-making.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of status epilepticus?

    <p>A seizure lasting more than 5 minutes or multiple seizures within 5 minutes without returning to normal level of consciousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ lobe is primarily associated with vision.

    <p>occipital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of seizure?

    <p>Myopathic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of seizure with its description:

    <p>Focal = Seizure occurring in one hemisphere of the brain Generalized = Seizure affecting both hemispheres Clonic = Sustained rhythmic jerking of muscles Atonic = Weak or limp muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures and can be caused by head trauma.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one medical treatment option for epilepsy.

    <p>Antiepileptic medication, ketogenic diet, CBD, or vagus nerve stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of primary headache?

    <p>Tension Type (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disease characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What class of medications is typically used as the first line treatment for anxiety?

    <p>Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Huntington's Disease, the abnormal protein that disrupts the brain's function is called __________.

    <p>huntingtin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a secondary headache cause?

    <p>Tension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Tremors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following treatments with their corresponding conditions:

    <p>Carbidopa-levodopa = Parkinson's Disease IVIG = Guillain-Barré Syndrome Donepezil = Alzheimer's Disease Triptans = Migraine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) often occurs during waking hours.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is used specifically for cluster headaches?

    <p>100% O2 inhalation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Alzheimer’s disease, the accumulation of __________ tangles is a key feature.

    <p>neurofibrillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of Trigeminal Neuralgia?

    <p>Facial pain triggered by contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multiple Sclerosis is caused by the degeneration of motor neurons.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age group is most affected by Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP)?

    <p>Adults 20-40 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for Donepezil in treating Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Blocks acetylcholine degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by painless muscle weakness and atrophy?

    <p>Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Central Nervous System

    The control center of the body, consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

    Peripheral Nervous System

    The network of nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body, enabling communication and control.

    What is acetylcholine responsible for?

    Acetylcholine (ACh) plays a crucial role in muscle movement, memory, and learning.

    What is GABA responsible for?

    GABA is a neurotransmitter that calms the brain, preventing anxiety and seizures.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in nerve conduction?

    The sodium-potassium pump maintains the neuron's resting state by actively pumping sodium ions out of the neuron and potassium ions in, creating an electrical gradient.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Refractory Period

    A period of rest required for a neuron to return to its baseline state after an action potential.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Myelin Sheath

    A fatty, insulating layer that surrounds the axon of a neuron, speeding up nerve impulse transmission.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Frontal Lobe Function

    The frontal lobe is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions, including reasoning, planning, and decision-making.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Substantia Nigra

    A brain region that produces dopamine, a neurotransmitter crucial for movement, behavior, and memory.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Channelopathies

    Disorders caused by dysfunction of ion channels, leading to abnormal electrical activity in nerve cells.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Epilepsy

    A neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Seizure

    A sudden, uncontrolled burst of electrical activity in the brain, causing a temporary disturbance in brain function.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Status Epilepticus (SE)

    A medical emergency where seizures continue without stopping or with brief periods of consciousness between seizures.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    First line treatment for seizures

    Benzodiazepines are often the first choice for treating seizures.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    SUDEP

    Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy. It occurs when someone with epilepsy has a seizure, stops breathing, and their heart stops, often while sleeping.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Upper Motor Neuron

    Located in the brain, upper motor neurons control the muscles.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Lower Motor Neuron

    Located in the spinal cord, it transmits signals from the brain to muscles.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Tension Headache

    The most common type of headache, characterized by a dull, aching pain that does not worsen with movement, and no nausea or vomiting.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Migraine Headache

    A recurring, throbbing headache that may involve nausea, light sensitivity, and noise sensitivity, and often worsens with movement.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalgia (TAC)

    A group of headaches, with cluster headache being the most common. It affects one side of the head and may involve facial features like bloodshot eyes and pupil constriction.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Secondary Headache

    A headache caused by another underlying medical condition, such as head injury, vascular problems, or a sinus infection.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Parkinson's Disease

    A progressive neurological disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra. It leads to movement difficulties such as tremors, rigidity, and slowness of movement.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

    Also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

    An autoimmune disease that causes the destruction of the myelin sheath that protects nerve fibers. It can affect the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves, leading to symptoms such as weakness, numbness, and vision problems.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Huntington's Disease

    A genetic disease caused by a mutated gene that affects a protein called 'Huntingtin'. It leads to involuntary movements, cognitive decline, and emotional problems.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)

    A post-infectious autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the peripheral nerves. It can lead to weakness, paralysis, and sensory loss.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

    An autoimmune disorder where the body attacks acetylcholine receptors, leading to muscle weakness and fatigue.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Dementia

    A decline in cognitive abilities that affects memory, thinking, and reasoning. It can make it difficult to perform daily tasks.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Study Notes

    Basic Neurological Concepts

    • Central Nervous System (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes: somatic nerves (motor and sensory) and autonomic nervous system
    • Neurons conduct electrical signals. Types include motor, sensory, and interneurons
    • Glial cells support neurons structurally
    • Neurotransmitters have specific functions
      • Acetylcholine (ACh): muscle movement, memory, learning
      • Serotonin: mood regulation, appetite, sleep
      • Dopamine: movement, memory, behavior
      • GABA: calms brain, prevents anxiety or convulsions
      • Norepinephrine: alertness, stress response (BP and HR)
      • Glutamate: learning and memory
    • Nerve Conduction (pg 823):
      • Resting state: inside of neuron is more negative than outside, maintained by sodium-potassium pump (3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in)
      • Depolarization: stimulus triggers neuron, sodium (Na+) channels open, Na+ rushes into cell, making inside less negative/more positive
      • Repolarization: after peak of depolarization, potassium (K+) channels open, K+ flows out of cell, restoring negative charge inside
      • Hyperpolarization: cell briefly becomes more negative than its resting state due to excess K+ leaving.
      • Return to resting state: sodium-potassium pump restores the original ion balance. This process allows nerve signals to travel down the axon efficiently. A healthy body needs this refractory period (rest time) before the next signal.

    Myelin Sheath

    • Protective layer around the axon
    • White matter - insulator
    • Helps nerve conduction move quicker
    • Degeneration of myelin sheath (e.g., MS, ALS) impairs nerve impulse travel

    Brain

    • Frontal Lobe: reasoning
    • Parietal Lobe: spatial understanding
    • Temporal Lobe: memory, language
    • Brainstem: communications with the rest of the body (HR, BP)
    • Occipital Lobe: vision
    • Cerebellum: balance
    • Substantia Nigra: synthesis of dopamine (Behavior, Movement, Memory)
    • Ion Channel Disorders: are called Channelopathies

    Seizures

    • Sudden, abnormal, disorderly discharge of neurons within the brain
    • Traditional Diagnosis: Two unprovoked seizures at least 24 hours apart
    • Etiology may include head trauma, stroke, brain neoplasm (cancer), Alzheimer's disease, genetic factors, congenital conditions, infections, electrolyte imbalances, and detoxification.
    • Types: Focal (one hemisphere; can be seen on EEG), generalized (both hemispheres)
    • Terminology: Motor, non-motor, or both; Clonic (sustained rhythmic jerking), Atonic (weak or limp muscles), Myoclonus (muscle twitching), Non-motor symptoms (staring spells without movement), Aura (sensation before a seizure)
    • Status Epilepticus: seizure lasting more than 5 minutes or multiple seizures in a short period
    • SUDEP (Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy): unsure of exact cause, often during sleep, 20-40 yrs old

    Headaches

    • Primary headaches are not due to other medical issues
      • Tension Type: most common, does not worsen with movement, no nausea/vomiting, bilateral pain, pain relievers may help.
      • Migraines: comes in four stages, serotonin decreases, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) increases; often periodic, throbbing, worsening with movement; photophobia and phonophobia (light and sound sensitivity), often nausea; auras are seen in 75% of cases. Treatment options include NSAIDs, SSRIs (triptans), dopamine receptor antagonists, triggers, Botox, injections.
      • Trigeminal autonomic cephalgia (TAC): cluster headache most common has to do with eyes; bloodshot eyes, pupil constriction, eyelid edema
    • Secondary Headaches: caused by another medical condition
      • Head injuries, vascular problems, medication side effects, sinus problems, tumors, trigeminal neuralgia,

    Parkinson's Disease

    • Progressive loss of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra
    • Unknown etiology
    • Movement affected by dopamine imbalance, (acetylcholine stimulates muscle movement, while dopamine is inhibitory).

    Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

    • Painless muscle weakness and atrophy due to death of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
    • Secondary death of myelin sheath
    • UMN (brain): increased muscle tone, slow movement, hyperreflexia, and Babinski sign (toes spread apart).
    • LMN (lower): decreased strength and weakness, clumsiness, gait disturbances, issues with chewing, swallowing, and speaking.
    • No cure

    Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

    • Chronic demyelinating disorder affecting the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves
    • Loss of myelin sheath
    • Symptoms include weakness, numbness, balance problems, abstract reasoning problems, and attention issues.
    • Depression may be involved

    Huntington's Disease (HD)

    • Mutated gene where the abnormal repetition of DNA bases disrupts the protein "huntingtin"
    • Symptoms include involuntary motor symptoms (dyskinesia, chorea, athetosis), cognitive decline (apathy, slowed thought process), emotional/behavioral symptoms (major depressive disorder).
    • There is no cure

    Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)

    • Acute inflammatory demyelination, a post-infectious disease
    • Follows respiratory illness or gastroenteritis
    • Recovery over a long period of time
    • Symmetrical ascending muscular weakness
    • Diminished deep tendon reflexes and sensory loss.

    Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

    • Autoimmune disease where antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors
    • Symptoms and treatment include weakness (often extraocular muscles, "true fatigue"), and improve with rest.

    Dementia

    • Decline in reasoning, memory, judgment. and other cognitive functions
    • Difficulty with activities of daily living (ADLs)
    • Main causes include Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body dementia.
    • Symptoms include anomia, amnesia, anxiety, agnosia, apraxia, apathy, and aphasia.

    Other Diseases

    • Note additional neurological disorders mentioned (e.g., Alzheimer's Disease, Vascular Dementia, Lewy Body Dementia, with associated symptoms and classifications)
      • Note any treatments (e.g., medication names, therapies) that are mentioned.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Pharmacology Exam 3 Study Guide PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores fundamental concepts of neurology, including the structure and function of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems, types of neurons, and the role of neurotransmitters. Test your knowledge on nerve conduction processes and the significance of various neurotransmitters in brain function.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser