Basic Math Concepts

Fractions

• A fraction is a way to show part of a whole.
• It consists of a numerator (top number) and a denominator (bottom number).
• The numerator tells how many equal parts we have, and the denominator tells how many parts the whole is divided into.
• Equivalent fractions: fractions that have the same value, but different numbers (e.g., 1/2 = 2/4).
• Simple fractions: fractions with a numerator of 1 (e.g., 1/2, 1/3).
• Fractions can be used to represent real-life situations, such as sharing toys or dividing a pizza.

Decimals

• A decimal is a way to show a fraction as a number with a point.
• Decimals can be used to represent fractions with denominators of 10, 100, or 1000.
• Decimals can be used in real-life situations, such as measuring the length of an object or calculating the cost of an item.
• Decimals can be converted to fractions by dividing the decimal number by the place value (e.g., 0.5 = 5/10).

Perimeter

• The perimeter is the distance around a shape.
• The perimeter of a rectangle can be found by adding the lengths of all its sides.
• The formula for the perimeter of a rectangle is: P = 2L + 2W, where L is the length and W is the width.
• The perimeter of other shapes, such as triangles and circles, can be found using different formulas.

Shapes

• Basic shapes: square, rectangle, triangle, circle, and hexagon.
• Properties of shapes:
  • Square: all sides are equal, all angles are right angles.
  • Rectangle: opposite sides are equal, all angles are right angles.
  • Triangle: sum of angles is 180 degrees.
  • Circle: all points are equal distance from the center.
  • Hexagon: six sides, internal angles are 120 degrees each.
• Real-life examples of shapes, such as buildings, bridges, and everyday objects.

Word Problems

• Word problems involve using math to solve real-life situations.
• Steps to solve a word problem:
  1. Read the problem carefully.
  2. Identify the key information and the question being asked.
  3. Choose the correct operation (addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division).
  4. Solve the problem using the correct operation.
  5. Check the answer to make sure it makes sense.
• Examples of word problems:
  • "Tom has 15 pencils in his pencil case. He gives 3 to his friend. How many pencils does Tom have left?"
  • "A bookshelf has 5 shelves, and each shelf can hold 8 books. How many books can the bookshelf hold in total?"