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Questions and Answers
Innate immunity is acquired during one's life and is developed through previous infections.
Innate immunity is acquired during one's life and is developed through previous infections.
False (B)
The skin acts as an anatomical barrier by secreting acids that create an acidic environment.
The skin acts as an anatomical barrier by secreting acids that create an acidic environment.
True (A)
Humoral components of innate immunity include neurons and epithelial cells.
Humoral components of innate immunity include neurons and epithelial cells.
False (B)
Acquired immunity is effective against a wide range of microorganisms without previous exposure.
Acquired immunity is effective against a wide range of microorganisms without previous exposure.
Phagocytes and NK cells are considered elements of the innate immune system.
Phagocytes and NK cells are considered elements of the innate immune system.
The immune system solely relies on the presence of antibodies to function effectively.
The immune system solely relies on the presence of antibodies to function effectively.
The first line of defense in the immune system primarily includes specialized immune cells.
The first line of defense in the immune system primarily includes specialized immune cells.
Innate immunity provides the first line of defense against infectious agents immediately upon exposure.
Innate immunity provides the first line of defense against infectious agents immediately upon exposure.
Natural killer (NK) cells exclusively target bacteria within the body.
Natural killer (NK) cells exclusively target bacteria within the body.
Interferon is produced in small amounts by all cells of the body and helps block viral m-RNA transcription.
Interferon is produced in small amounts by all cells of the body and helps block viral m-RNA transcription.
Beta lysine is a serum protein that increases in concentration following bacterial growth.
Beta lysine is a serum protein that increases in concentration following bacterial growth.
The complement system consists of proteins that are consistently active in the bloodstream.
The complement system consists of proteins that are consistently active in the bloodstream.
Lactoferrin and transferrin limit bacterial growth by binding to iron, which is essential for bacteria.
Lactoferrin and transferrin limit bacterial growth by binding to iron, which is essential for bacteria.
The complement system consists of approximately 30 proteins that enhance immune system action.
The complement system consists of approximately 30 proteins that enhance immune system action.
Adaptive immunity is present in all animals, including vertebrates and invertebrates.
Adaptive immunity is present in all animals, including vertebrates and invertebrates.
Natural killer cells are part of the adaptive immune response.
Natural killer cells are part of the adaptive immune response.
Humoral immunity involves the production of antibodies from T cells.
Humoral immunity involves the production of antibodies from T cells.
Specific (acquired) immunity can be divided into passive and active types.
Specific (acquired) immunity can be divided into passive and active types.
The cell-mediated immune response is typically faster than the humoral response.
The cell-mediated immune response is typically faster than the humoral response.
Antibodies defend against infections found in body fluids.
Antibodies defend against infections found in body fluids.
Natural active acquired immunity provides short-term immunity after an infection.
Natural active acquired immunity provides short-term immunity after an infection.
Neutrophils are responsible for producing histamine during anaphylactic reactions.
Neutrophils are responsible for producing histamine during anaphylactic reactions.
Eosinophils participate in phagocytosis against certain parasites.
Eosinophils participate in phagocytosis against certain parasites.
Monocytes transform into macrophages after circulating in the blood for 3 days.
Monocytes transform into macrophages after circulating in the blood for 3 days.
Lymphocytes are only involved in producing antibodies.
Lymphocytes are only involved in producing antibodies.
Basophils are active in fighting viral infections.
Basophils are active in fighting viral infections.
Natural killer (NK) cells are responsible for killing tumor cells and cells infected by viruses.
Natural killer (NK) cells are responsible for killing tumor cells and cells infected by viruses.
Platelets are mainly involved in the immune response.
Platelets are mainly involved in the immune response.
Macrophages can present antigens to lymphocytes to activate a specific immune response.
Macrophages can present antigens to lymphocytes to activate a specific immune response.
Delayed hypersensitivity can be passively transferred from one animal to another by serum.
Delayed hypersensitivity can be passively transferred from one animal to another by serum.
The tuberculin test involves ID inoculation of PPD that leads to indurations and inflammation within 48-72 hours in sensitized individuals.
The tuberculin test involves ID inoculation of PPD that leads to indurations and inflammation within 48-72 hours in sensitized individuals.
Contact dermatitis types of hypersensitivity occur without prior sensitization.
Contact dermatitis types of hypersensitivity occur without prior sensitization.
Type I hypersensitivity is characterized by IgE-mediated reactions that can induce systemic anaphylaxis.
Type I hypersensitivity is characterized by IgE-mediated reactions that can induce systemic anaphylaxis.
The reaction in contact dermatitis may include redness, swelling, itching, and scaling.
The reaction in contact dermatitis may include redness, swelling, itching, and scaling.
Type II hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgA antibodies.
Type II hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgA antibodies.
Delayed hypersensitivity reaches its maximum effect within minutes.
Delayed hypersensitivity reaches its maximum effect within minutes.
Haptens are substances that are only antigenic after combining with serum proteins.
Haptens are substances that are only antigenic after combining with serum proteins.
Study Notes
Immunology Overview
- Immunity: Body's resistance to pathogens, toxins, or foreign substances.
- Immunology: Study of immune system components and functions.
- Immune System: Includes molecules, cells, tissues, and organs providing protection against microorganisms, microbial toxins, and tumor cells.
Types of Immunity
-
Innate Immunity:
- Present at birth, inherited from mother.
- Non-specific; acts immediately against a wide range of pathogens.
- Elements include anatomical barriers, various cells, and humoral components.
-
Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity:
- Develops later in life; acquired after exposure to infections or vaccinations.
- Specific to particular antigens; subdivided into humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
Elements of Innate Immunity
-
Anatomical Barriers:
- Skin and mucosal membranes serve as the first line of defense.
-
Cells:
- Phagocytes and Natural Killer (NK) cells are key players in defense.
-
Humoral Components:
- Include complement proteins, cytokines, and various antimicrobial proteins.
Skin as a Defense Mechanism
- Acts as a physical and chemical barrier to bacteria.
- Lactic and pyruvic acids create acidic environment, inhibiting microbial growth.
Phagocytic Cells
- Target and engulf pathogens to eliminate infections.
- Key types include neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, which also produce inflammatory mediators.
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
- Attack cells infected with viruses and tumor cells.
- Release chemicals to enhance inflammatory responses.
Biochemical Factors in Innate Immunity
- Interferon: Glycoproteins that provide resistance against viral infections by disrupting viral reproduction.
- Lactoferrin and Transferrin: Bind iron to limit bacterial growth.
- Interleukin-1: Activates various immune cells and mediates inflammation.
- Beta-Lysine: A blood protein that has bactericidal properties.
- C-Reactive Protein (CRP): Increases following infections, binds to bacteria and fungi to aid in destruction.
- Complement System: Comprises ~30 proteins enhancing immune responses, stimulating leukocytes, and lysing bacteria.
Acquired Immunity
- Humoral Immunity: Involves B cells producing antibodies to defend against pathogens in blood plasma.
- Cell-Mediated Immunity: Involves T cells targeting infected or aberrant cells.
Types of Acquired Immunity
- Natural Active Immunity: Follows infections, providing long-lasting protection through memory cells.
Immune Cells and Their Functions
- Neutrophils: Migratory cells involved in phagocytosis and production of inflammatory mediators.
- Eosinophils: Combat parasites and mediate allergic reactions.
- Basophils: Release histamine, involved in allergic responses.
- Monocytes/Macrophages: Perform phagocytosis and present antigens to lymphocytes.
- Lymphocytes: B cells (antibody production) and T cells (cell-mediated immunity).
Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Type I: IgE-mediated, rapid response triggering allergic reactions like asthma and anaphylaxis.
- Type II: Antibody-mediated cytotoxic reactions, leading to conditions like hemolytic anemia.
Clinical Examples of Hypersensitivity
- Tuberculin Test: Identifies prior exposure to tuberculosis.
- Contact Dermatitis: Reaction to haptens in substances like metals or chemicals, leading to localized inflammation.
Summary
- Immune responses are critical for defense against infections.
- Understanding innate and acquired immunities helps in managing immune-related diseases and responses.
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Description
Discover the fundamental concepts of immunology and the immune system in this quiz. Understand the key components that contribute to the body's resistance against pathogens and foreign substances. Test your knowledge about immunity and its role in health.
