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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the role of a cytokine in the immune response?
Which of the following best describes the role of a cytokine in the immune response?
- Inducing intracellular signaling in cells. (correct)
- Producing antibodies to neutralize pathogens.
- Presenting antigen to T cells.
- Directly killing infected cells.
How does antigenic drift differ from antigenic shift in influenza viruses?
How does antigenic drift differ from antigenic shift in influenza viruses?
- Antigenic drift involves reassortment of genomic segments, while antigenic shift involves point mutations.
- Antigenic drift only affects influenza A viruses, while antigenic shift affects influenza A and B viruses.
- Antigenic drift involves point mutations, while antigenic shift involves reassortment of genomic segments. (correct)
- Antigenic drift leads to major changes in viral proteins, while antigenic shift leads to minor changes.
Which of the following cell types is responsible for producing antibodies?
Which of the following cell types is responsible for producing antibodies?
- Plasma cells (correct)
- Helper T cells
- Natural killer cells
- Cytotoxic T cells
What is the primary function of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) in the adaptive immune response?
What is the primary function of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) in the adaptive immune response?
How does a vaccination lead to the development of immunological memory?
How does a vaccination lead to the development of immunological memory?
Which of the following assays is used to determine the number of infectious viral particles in a sample?
Which of the following assays is used to determine the number of infectious viral particles in a sample?
What is the mechanism of action of antiviral drugs classified as 'prodrugs'?
What is the mechanism of action of antiviral drugs classified as 'prodrugs'?
Which of the following best describes 'passive immunity'?
Which of the following best describes 'passive immunity'?
What is the purpose of an adjuvant in a vaccine?
What is the purpose of an adjuvant in a vaccine?
Which technique involves the use of fluorescent antibodies to detect viral antigens in fixed cells or tissues?
Which technique involves the use of fluorescent antibodies to detect viral antigens in fixed cells or tissues?
How does Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity (ADCC) function in the immune response?
How does Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity (ADCC) function in the immune response?
What is the role of a 'Helper' T cell in the adaptive immune response?
What is the role of a 'Helper' T cell in the adaptive immune response?
What is meant by 'cross-protection' in the context of viral immunity?
What is meant by 'cross-protection' in the context of viral immunity?
How does the process of 'antigen presentation' facilitate the adaptive immune response?
How does the process of 'antigen presentation' facilitate the adaptive immune response?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the 'innate' immune system?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the 'innate' immune system?
Dendritic cells are important for initiating adaptive immune responses. How do they contribute to this process?
Dendritic cells are important for initiating adaptive immune responses. How do they contribute to this process?
How does reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) differ from standard PCR?
How does reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) differ from standard PCR?
What is the significance of the term 'replication defective' when describing a viral vector for gene therapy?
What is the significance of the term 'replication defective' when describing a viral vector for gene therapy?
In HIV, what is the role of the enzyme integrase?
In HIV, what is the role of the enzyme integrase?
Which of the following describes a 'satellite' virus?
Which of the following describes a 'satellite' virus?
Flashcards
Affinity
Affinity
The strength of binding between one molecule to another, such as an antibody to its antigen.
ADCC (Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity)
ADCC (Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity)
A process by which natural killer cells target infected cells by binding to antibodies on the cell's surface.
Memory
Memory
The ability of lymphocytes to respond faster to a pathogen to which it has previously been exposed.
Antigenic Drift
Antigenic Drift
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Cross-protection
Cross-protection
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Antibody
Antibody
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PAMP (Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern)
PAMP (Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern)
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Cytokine
Cytokine
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Plasma-cell
Plasma-cell
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B-cell receptor
B-cell receptor
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MHC (Major Histocompatibility complex)
MHC (Major Histocompatibility complex)
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis
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Antigen Presentation
Antigen Presentation
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Innate
Innate
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Cytotoxic
Cytotoxic
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Vaccination
Vaccination
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Cell Culture
Cell Culture
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Variolation
Variolation
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Immunogenic
Immunogenic
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DNA vaccination
DNA vaccination
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Study Notes
- Affinity: The strength of binding between molecules, such as an antibody to its antigen.
- ADCC (Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity): Natural killer cells target infected cells by binding to antibodies on the cell's surface.
- Memory: Lymphocytes' ability to respond faster to a previously encountered pathogen.
- Antigenic Drift: Accumulation of point mutations in the influenza genome, leading to small changes in viral proteins.
- Cross-protection: Antibodies against one virus also recognize and protect against a similar virus.
- Antibody: A secreted protein produced by plasma cells that specifically recognizes an antigen.
- PAMP (Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern): A component of a pathogen recognized by a pattern recognition receptor.
- Cytokine: Small proteins secreted by cells that induce intracellular signaling.
- Plasma-cell: An antibody-producing B cell.
- B-cell receptor: The protein complex on B lymphocytes that specifically recognizes antigen.
- MHC (Major Histocompatibility complex): The molecule in which antigen is presented to T cells.
- Apoptosis: Orderly, programmed cell death.
- Antigen Presentation: The process of showing antigen within an MHC molecule to a T cell.
- Innate: The non-specific early arm of the immune system.
- Cytotoxic: T cells that induce apoptosis of infected cells.
- Vaccination: Inoculating an individual with weakened virus (or pieces of a virus) to stimulate protective immunity.
- Interferon: A type of cytokine that activates antiviral pathways within a cell.
- Isotypes: Slightly different modified antibodies.
- Helper: T cells that activate other immune cells, including B cells.
- Antigen: A molecule specifically recognized by a T cell or B cell.
- T cell receptors: The protein complex used by a T cell to interact with antigen and an MHC molecule.
- Antigenic Shift: A major change in influenza virus surface proteins caused by reassortment of genomic segments.
- Immunity: The state in which a person is protected against becoming infected by a pathogen.
- Macrophage: Large phagocytic cell of the immune system.
- Natural Killer: Innate cell that induces apoptosis of virally-infected cells.
- Dendritic-Cell: Cell of the innate immune system that retrieve, process, and present antigen to T lymphocytes.
- Latency: The state in which a virus becomes dormant (inactive) within the body.
- Naive: A lymphocyte that has not previously encountered its cognate antigen.
- Western Blot: Technique where patient antigens are run using PAGE and transferred to a membrane.
- Cell Culture: Growing cells in vitro in controlled environmental conditions.
- Bioinformatics: Application of math and computer science to extract information from biological data sets.
- Immunofluorescence: Assay where fluorescent antibodies bind to viral antigens in fixed cells or tissues.
- OLIGO: Short fragments of nucleic acids.
- Biosafety Levels: Classification system for practices and procedures when working with specific pathogens.
- Hemagglutination: The linking together of red blood cells, mediated by viral proteins or antibodies.
- BSC (Biosafety Cabinet): Equipment for maintaining a sterile environment and protecting users from viruses.
- Plasma: The liquid portion of unclotted blood.
- Synctium: A large cell joined by the fusion of several cells.
- Serology: Tests involving blood, including antibody assays.
- Cytopathic effects: The visible changes of cells due to viral infection.
- HEPA (high-efficiency Particulate Air filter): Filter that removes 99.97% of particles of 0.3 microns.
- RTPCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction): Assay that reverse transcribes RNA into DNA before amplification.
- Histology: The examination of tissue sections for pathology.
- Plaque Assay: Test to determine the infectious number of viral particles within a sample.
- Microarray: Test where oligonucleotides bind to complementary DNA or RNA on a chip.
- PCR (polymerase chain reaction): Lab procedure that rapidly replicates pieces of DNA.
- LFIA (Lateral Flow Immunoassay): Assay where patient samples travel along a membrane and interact with antibody-coated beads.
- Serum: The liquid portion of blood after it has clotted.
- Plasmid: Circular piece of double-stranded DNA used for manipulating or cloning genes.
- Prodrug: A drug that must be metabolized to become active.
- Variolation: Deliberate inoculation with smallpox scabs to induce a lesser infection.
- HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy): A cocktail of at least three anti-HIV drugs.
- Antiviral: A drug that inhibits viral replication.
- Autism: A spectrum of mental disorders characterized by impaired communication and social interactions.
- Satellite: A defective virus that does not contain all the viral genes necessary to create nascent virions.
- Gene Cloning: The placement of a gene of interest, normally without its introns, into a plasmid.
- Immunogenic: A substance that elicits an immune response.
- Replication Defective: Viruses that infect cells but cannot replicate within them.
- Vector: A virus used to transfer genetic material.
- Inactivated: A vaccine uses whole virus that is unable to infect because it has been treated with high heat or a chemical, such as formalin.
- Nucleoside: A nucleotide that lacks a phosphate group.
- Gene Therapy: Delivery of a normal gene copy to compensate for a non-functional gene.
- Metastasis: The movement of cancerous cells from their initial site to a distant site.
- Oncolytic: A virus capable of killing a tumor/cancer.
- VDEPT (Virus-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy): Gene therapy using a viral vector to deliver enzyme genes to convert a prodrug into its active form.
- Integrase: The HIV enzyme that inserts the provirus into a host chromosome.
- Protease: The HIV enzyme that causes maturation.
- Packaging Cell line: Term for the cells that are used to create replication-defective virus.
- Ex-vivo: Cells or tissues removed from a living organism.
- Humoral: The immune response pertaining to antibody production.
- Lyophilized: Freeze-dried.
- MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella): A vaccine formulation consisting of live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella viruses.
- In-vivo: Cells or tissues modified within a living organism.
- Passive Immunity: Transfer of immune components like antibodies, providing temporary protection.
- Cancer Antigen: Antigens present only in cancer cells.
- Adjuvant: A substance used in vaccines that enhances the immune response.
- Cell mediated: The immune response carried out by T lymphocytes.
- Virotherapy: Using viruses for therapeutic purposes.
- DNA vaccination: Experimental vaccines that inject DNA into a person's cells to produce a protein.
- Attenuated: Weakened, referring to a virus.
- NURTI: Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
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