30 Questions
What is the primary function of platelets in the body?
To form a barrier to limit blood loss at an injured site
What is the approximate percentage of water in plasma?
92%
Which of the following is NOT a function of plasma?
Producing immunoglobulins
What is the term for the process of forming a barrier to limit blood loss at an injured site?
Haemostasis
Which of the following proteins is NOT a component of plasma?
Keratin
What is the approximate volume of plasma in an average human male?
2.7-3L
What is the primary function of the Hematology Laboratory in relation to a physician's diagnosis?
To confirm a physician's clinical impression of a possible hematological disorder
What is the term for the process of formation and development of blood cells?
Haematopoiesis
Which of the following components of blood is involved in the body's defense against the invasion of foreign antigens?
Leukocytes
What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the blood?
To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
What is the term for the study of formed cellular blood elements?
Haematology
What percentage of blood is composed of plasma?
55%
What is the primary function of leukocytes in the body?
To protect the host from infectious agents or pathogens
Which type of immune response is characterized by a slow and long-lasting immunity?
Adaptive Immune response/Specific
What is the typical location of leukocyte production in the body?
Bone marrow and lymphoid tissues
What is the characteristic feature of Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes?
They have a single nucleus with a number of lobes
What is the normal range of leukocyte count in adults per microliter of blood?
4.0-11.0 × 10³/µl
Which type of leukocytes includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils?
Polymorphonuclear leucocytes
What is the typical diameter of neutrophils?
10-12µm
What is the characteristic of the nucleus of eosinophils?
It has two lobes in a 'spectacle' arrangement
What is the significance of an increase in eosinophils?
It is associated with allergic reactions and helminthic infections
What is the characteristic of the cytoplasm of basophils?
It contains large deep purple/blue staining granules
What is the typical diameter of monocytes?
14-18µm
What is the characteristic of the nucleus of monocytes?
It has a centrally placed, large and 'horseshoe' shaped structure
What is the primary function of macrophages at the site of infection?
To act as 'scavenger cells' by ingesting bacteria and particulate matter
Which of the following leukocytes is primarily involved in cell-mediated immunity?
T lymphocyte
What is the term for an increase in the absolute number of lymphocytes in the blood?
Lymphocytosis
What is the normal range of monocytes in the blood?
700-1500/µl
What is the primary site of maturation for B lymphocytes?
Bone marrow
What is the characteristic appearance of the nucleus of a macrophage?
Round with a netlike appearance
Study Notes
Components of Blood
- Plasma makes up 55% of blood, involved in transport of nutrients and metabolites, immune defense, and coagulation
- Erythrocytes (RBCs) make up 43% of blood, contain hemoglobin, and function in transporting O2 and CO2
- Leukocytes (WBCs) make up 1% of blood, involved in body's defense against infectious agents
- Platelets (thrombocytes) make up 1% of blood, involved in haemostasis and forming a barrier to limit blood loss at an injured site
Function of Plasma
- Maintains proper blood osmotic pressure, important for total body fluid balance
- Transports nutrients and metabolites within the system
- Involved in immune defense, contains immunoglobulins and complement
- Serves as a reservoir for proteins that circulate in the blood as inactive enzymes
Haematology
- Study of formed cellular blood elements: WBCs, RBCs, and platelets
- Haemostasis: arrest of bleeding by forming a barrier to blood loss
- Haematopoiesis: dynamic formation and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow
Leukocytes (WBCs)
- Heterogeneous group of nucleated cells responsible for the body's defenses
- Produced in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissues
- Five distinct cell types: polymorphonuclear leucocytes/granulocytes, mononuclear leucocytes
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes (Granulocytes)
- Contain small granules in their cytoplasm
- Three types: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
- Neutrophils: 10-12µm in diameter, 2-5 lobes to their nucleus, stains purple violet
- Eosinophils: same size as neutrophils, 2 lobes to their nucleus, stains orange pink
- Basophils: 10-12µm in diameter, kidney-shaped nucleus, stains deep purple/blue
Monocytes and Macrophages
- Monocytes: largest white cells, 14-18µm in diameter, centrally placed nucleus, pale violet
- Macrophage: result of monocyte entering tissues, 15-80µm in diameter, gray-blue cytoplasm, round nucleus
Lymphocytes
- Derived from common lymphoid progenitor cell (CLP)
- Two main types: T lymphocytes (60-80% of lymph population) and B lymphocytes (10-20%)
- Natural killer cells (NK) make up ~2% of lymph population
Test your knowledge on the roles of the Hematology Laboratory in diagnosing and monitoring hematological disorders, including confirming clinical impressions, establishing diagnoses, and detecting unsuspected disorders. This quiz covers the basic concepts of Haematology.
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