Hematology and Transfusion Science

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of platelets in the body?

To maintain proper blood osmotic pressure

To transport nutrients and metabolites within the system

To provide immune defense

To form a barrier to limit blood loss at an injured site (correct)

What is the approximate percentage of water in plasma?

92% (correct)

90%

80%

85%

Which of the following is NOT a function of plasma?

Producing immunoglobulins (correct)

Coagulation

Maintaining proper blood osmotic pressure

Transporting nutrients and metabolites

What is the term for the process of forming a barrier to limit blood loss at an injured site?

Haemostasis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins is NOT a component of plasma?

Keratin Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate volume of plasma in an average human male?

2.7-3L Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Hematology Laboratory in relation to a physician's diagnosis?

To confirm a physician's clinical impression of a possible hematological disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of formation and development of blood cells?

Haematopoiesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components of blood is involved in the body's defense against the invasion of foreign antigens?

Leukocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the blood?

To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of formed cellular blood elements?

Haematology Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of blood is composed of plasma?

55% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of leukocytes in the body?

To protect the host from infectious agents or pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune response is characterized by a slow and long-lasting immunity?

Adaptive Immune response/Specific Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical location of leukocyte production in the body?

Bone marrow and lymphoid tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes?

They have a single nucleus with a number of lobes Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of leukocyte count in adults per microliter of blood?

4.0-11.0 × 10³/µl Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leukocytes includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils?

Polymorphonuclear leucocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical diameter of neutrophils?

10-12µm Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the nucleus of eosinophils?

It has two lobes in a 'spectacle' arrangement Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of an increase in eosinophils?

It is associated with allergic reactions and helminthic infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the cytoplasm of basophils?

It contains large deep purple/blue staining granules Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical diameter of monocytes?

14-18µm Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the nucleus of monocytes?

It has a centrally placed, large and 'horseshoe' shaped structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of macrophages at the site of infection?

To act as 'scavenger cells' by ingesting bacteria and particulate matter Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following leukocytes is primarily involved in cell-mediated immunity?

T lymphocyte Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an increase in the absolute number of lymphocytes in the blood?

Lymphocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of monocytes in the blood?

700-1500/µl Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of maturation for B lymphocytes?

Bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance of the nucleus of a macrophage?

Round with a netlike appearance Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Components of Blood

Plasma makes up 55% of blood, involved in transport of nutrients and metabolites, immune defense, and coagulation
Erythrocytes (RBCs) make up 43% of blood, contain hemoglobin, and function in transporting O2 and CO2
Leukocytes (WBCs) make up 1% of blood, involved in body's defense against infectious agents
Platelets (thrombocytes) make up 1% of blood, involved in haemostasis and forming a barrier to limit blood loss at an injured site

Function of Plasma

Maintains proper blood osmotic pressure, important for total body fluid balance
Transports nutrients and metabolites within the system
Involved in immune defense, contains immunoglobulins and complement
Serves as a reservoir for proteins that circulate in the blood as inactive enzymes

Haematology

Study of formed cellular blood elements: WBCs, RBCs, and platelets
Haemostasis: arrest of bleeding by forming a barrier to blood loss
Haematopoiesis: dynamic formation and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow

Leukocytes (WBCs)

Heterogeneous group of nucleated cells responsible for the body's defenses
Produced in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissues
Five distinct cell types: polymorphonuclear leucocytes/granulocytes, mononuclear leucocytes

Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes (Granulocytes)

Contain small granules in their cytoplasm
Three types: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Neutrophils: 10-12µm in diameter, 2-5 lobes to their nucleus, stains purple violet
Eosinophils: same size as neutrophils, 2 lobes to their nucleus, stains orange pink
Basophils: 10-12µm in diameter, kidney-shaped nucleus, stains deep purple/blue

Monocytes and Macrophages

Monocytes: largest white cells, 14-18µm in diameter, centrally placed nucleus, pale violet
Macrophage: result of monocyte entering tissues, 15-80µm in diameter, gray-blue cytoplasm, round nucleus

Lymphocytes

Derived from common lymphoid progenitor cell (CLP)
Two main types: T lymphocytes (60-80% of lymph population) and B lymphocytes (10-20%)
Natural killer cells (NK) make up ~2% of lymph population

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Description

Test your knowledge on the roles of the Hematology Laboratory in diagnosing and monitoring hematological disorders, including confirming clinical impressions, establishing diagnoses, and detecting unsuspected disorders. This quiz covers the basic concepts of Haematology.