Basic Geography Quiz

Organic Chemistry

• Definition: Branch of chemistry focused on carbon compounds, examining their structures, properties, reactions, and synthesis.
• Classification of Organic Compounds:
  • Hydrocarbons: Compounds consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen, including alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
  • Functional Groups: Specific atom groups that impart distinct properties to molecules, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino groups.
• Reactions of Organic Compounds:
  • Substitution: One atom group is replaced by another.
  • Addition: New atom group is added to a molecule.
  • Elimination: Removal of a molecule (e.g., water) resulting in the formation of double or triple bonds.
• Important Reactions:
  • Oxidation and reduction processes.
  • Polyaddition: Addition of small molecules to numerous unsaturated compounds.
• Applications: Organic chemistry is crucial in pharmaceuticals, materials science, biochemistry, and numerous other fields.

Proteins

• Definition: High-molecular-weight organic compounds composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
• Protein Structure:
  • Primary: Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
  • Secondary: Local structural configurations (α-helices and β-sheets) formed by hydrogen bonds.
  • Tertiary: Three-dimensional structure resulting from interactions among chains.
  • Quaternary: Complex formed by multiple polypeptide chains.
• Functions of Proteins:
  • Structural: Provides cell and tissue framework (e.g., collagen, keratin).
  • Catalytic: Enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions.
  • Regulatory: Hormones (e.g., insulin) that regulate physiological processes.
  • Transport: Molecules that facilitate transportation (e.g., hemoglobin).
• Amino Acids: Building blocks of proteins, consisting of 20 essential amino acids, with 9 being indispensable for humans.
• Applications: Proteins are vital in biochemistry, medicine, sports nutrition, and food industry.