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Questions and Answers
What does the Principle of Independent Assortment state?
What does the Principle of Independent Assortment state?
- Only one characteristic can be expressed at a time.
- Genes are inherited independently of one another. (correct)
- Alleles segregate into gametes during meiosis.
- Characteristics are determined by pairs of internal factors.
What is the main purpose of genetic tests?
What is the main purpose of genetic tests?
- To assess genetic variation among populations.
- To enhance agricultural production.
- To study gene structure at the molecular level.
- To diagnose certain genetic disorders. (correct)
What is a potential consequence of chromosome translocation?
What is a potential consequence of chromosome translocation?
- Enhanced gene expression.
- Increased genetic variation.
- Formation of a new chromatid.
- Development of Down syndrome. (correct)
What term describes the double-stranded structure of a chromosome that remains connected at the centromere?
What term describes the double-stranded structure of a chromosome that remains connected at the centromere?
Which of the following branches of genetics focuses on genetic variations within populations?
Which of the following branches of genetics focuses on genetic variations within populations?
What is referred to as the F1 generation?
What is referred to as the F1 generation?
What defines a recessive allele?
What defines a recessive allele?
Which of the following statements about multiple alleles is true?
Which of the following statements about multiple alleles is true?
What is meant by a pure line in genetics?
What is meant by a pure line in genetics?
What is the function of a gamete in sexual reproduction?
What is the function of a gamete in sexual reproduction?
Flashcards
Haploid
Haploid
A cell with one set of chromosomes (N).
Diploid
Diploid
A cell with two sets of chromosomes (2N).
Principle of Segregation
Principle of Segregation
Genes occur in pairs and separate during gamete formation.
Translocations
Translocations
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Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics
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Homozygous dominant
Homozygous dominant
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Recessive allele
Recessive allele
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Codominance
Codominance
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Zygote
Zygote
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Gamete
Gamete
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Study Notes
Basic Genetics
- Haploid (n): One set of chromosomes
- Diploid (2n): Two sets of chromosomes
- Gene: A unit specifying a particular trait
- Chromosome: Structure of a genome composed primarily of nucleic acid and structural proteins
- Chromatid: One of two identical strands of a duplicated chromosome, attached by their shared centromere
- Chromatin: Dispersed strands of chromosomes during interphase
- Gene arrangement: Can be altered by chromosomal deletions, inversions, and translocations
- Translocation: Part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a non-homologous chromosome
- Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster): Commonly used in genetic research due to its ease of culture and rapid reproduction (new generation every 10-12 days)
Principles of Segregation and Independent Assortment
- Principle of Segregation: Organism's characteristics are determined by internal factors (genes) that occur in pairs.
- Principle of Independent Assortment: States that any one of a pair of characteristics can combine with either one of a another pair.
Chromosome Structure and Function
- Chromosome structure: The physical structure of a genome composed primarily of nucleic acid with structural proteins
- Chromatid: Each of the two identical strands of a duplicated chromosome
- Centromere: The region where the two chromatids are attached
- Chromatin: A diffuse, thread-like form of chromosomes during interphase (non-dividing phase of a cell).
Genetic Variation
- Gene arrangement: The order of genes on a chromosome
- Inversions: A segment of a chromosome is cut out and reversed in place
- Deletions: Loss of a segment of a chromosome
- Translocations: Part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a non-homologous chromosome (can cause genetic disorders)
Other Genetic Concepts
- Homozygous dominant (AA): Two identical dominant alleles
- Homozygous recessive (aa): Two identical recessive alleles
- Heterozygous (Aa): Two different alleles
- Phenotype: Observable characteristics of an organism
- Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism
- Dominant allele: Influences the appearance of the phenotype in the presence of another allele.
- Recessive allele: Only influences the appearance of the phenotype when present with an identical partner allele.
- Co-dominance: Two or more alleles do not show complete dominance or recessiveness
- Hybrids: Offspring of crosses between genetically unlike parents
- Pureline/Strain/Breed: Individuals with similar genetic backgrounds
- First Filial (F1) generation: Generation produced by crossing homozygous parental stocks
- Second Filial (F2) generation: Generation produced by crossing two (F1) organisms
- Lethal alleles: Lead to death when the gene is expressed in the phenotype
- Multiple alleles: A single characteristic that appears in several forms controlled by three or more alleles
- Locus: The location of a gene on a chromosome
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