Basic English Grammar and Structures

• These are your grammar structures and functions study notes:

Greetings

• Hi/ Hello
• Nice to meet you
• What's your name?
• My name is .../ I am

Saying Goodbyes

• Goodbye / Bye
• See you on Friday / See you tomorrow

Verb be

• Verb be: I, you, we, they
• (+): I am | I'm
• You/ We/ They are | You're/ We're/ They're
• (-): I am not | I'm not
• You/ We/ They are not | You aren't/ We aren't/ They aren't | You're not/ We're not/ They're not
• (?): Am I ...?/ Are you/ we/ they ....?
• Verb be (singular): he, she, it
• He is ...
• She is ...
• It is ...

Review: possessive 's

• Whose...?

Possessive Adjectives

• I - My
• You - Your
• He - His
• She - Her
• It - Its
• They - Their
• We - Our
• This is Jack's car
• Ella is Ben's wife

Past Continuous Tense

Prepositions

• Prepositions of time: at, in, on
• Prepositions of place: at, in, to

Relative Clause

Phrasal Verbs

• pay back
• take out
• pay off
• give away
• live on
• live off

Verb Patterns

• Infinitive: after will/would, let
• To infinitive: after ask sb, want
• V_ing: after like/love, spend, hate, prefer

Wh- and How Questions with Be

• Who's Tom?: She's a friend
• What's your email address?: [email protected]
• Where are you from?: I'm from Mexico
• How are you?: Fine, thanks
• How old is she?: 26
• What's your name?: Jose
• What's your address?: 30 Abbey Street
• What's your phone number?: 07702 960836

Checking Into a Hotel and Booking a table

Position of Adverbs

• Position of adverbs, expressions of frequency

Present Perfect

• Present perfect + yet, just, already

Present Perfect or Past Simple

Present Continuous

Can/ Can't

Object Pronouns

• Includes me, you, him, etc.

Singular and Plural Noun

• What is it? - It is a/an...
• What are they? - They are...

This/ That/ These/ Those

• Here/ There/ Over there

Quantifiers

• Quantifiers: too, (not) enough
• Quantifiers: all, every, both, no, none, any, either, neither
• Countable / uncountable nouns
• A/an, some/any
• Quantifiers: how much / how many, a lot of, etc.

Articles

Order Food and Drink

• Can I have a cheese sandwich, please?
• Anything else?
• And a Coke, please?
• Ice or Lemon?
• No, thanks
• How much is this?
• Here you are
• Here is your change

Singular and Plural

• There's a... / There are some...
• There's a/an...
• There isn't a/an...
• Is there a/an...? - Yes, there is / No, there isn't
• There are some...
• There aren't any...
• Are there any....? Yes, there are / No, there aren't

Past Simple of Be

• I, He, She, It + was..
• We, You, They + were...
• I, He, She, It + wasn't (= was not)...
• We, You, They + weren't (= were not)..
• Was + I, He, She, It ....?
• Were + We, You, They ...?

Imperatives

• Give order / instruction

Apologize and respond to apologies

Buy Clothes

Comparative Adjectives

Superlative Adjectives

Past Time Expressions

• This morning, yesterday, last night, last week, last month, last year

Reported Questions

• Reported questions/ imperatives/requests
• S + asked/told + O + to V

Narrative Tenses

• Narrative tenses, past perfect continuous, so/such... that

The Passive

• Often use the passive when it is not said, known or important who does the action
• Form:
• present simple: is/ are + PII
• present continuous: is/ are being + PII
• present perfect: has/ have + been + PII
• past simple: was/ were + PII
• past continuous: was were + being + PII
• past perfect: had been + PII
• will be/ be going to be + PII
• infinitive with to + be + PII
• infinitive without to be + PII
• gerund: being + PII

Third Conditional

• If S + (past perfect), S + would have (past participle)

Agreeing and Disagreeing

• Agreeing:
• I agree with you 100%
• I couldn't agree with you more
• That's so true
• You're absolutely right
• Disagreeing:
• I see your point, but...
• That's not always true
• I don't think you're right
• Let's agree to disagree
• I completely disagree
• No way

Have

• Have: lexical and grammatical uses

Discourse Markers

• Discourse markers (1): linkers
• Discourse markers (2): adverbs and adverbial expressions

Present Simple or Present Continuous

• Use present simple with always, usually, sometimes, never
• Use present continuous for things happening now / at the moment / today

Possessive Adjectives

• 1 - My
• You - Your
• He - His
• She - Her
• It - Its
• They - Their
• We - Our

Possessive

• This is Jack's car
• Ella is Ben's wife

Adjectives

• After the verb be
• Before a noun
• Remain the same for the singular and plural

Like + V-ing

Making suggestions and responding to suggestions

Making Suggestions

• Taking something back to a shop

Be, Do and Have

• Be, do, and have: auxiliary and main verbs

Telling The Time

• What time is it? - It is...

Uses of the Infinitive

• Uses of the infinitive with to

Get

Unreal Uses

• Unreal uses of past tenses

Speculation

• Speculation and deduction

Past Simple

• Past simple of be: was / were
• Past simple: regular verbs
• Past simple: irregular verbs
• Asking the way
• Giving directions
• Past simple: regular and irregular

The Position of Adverbs

• The position of adverbs and adverbial phrases

Zero and First Conditionals

• Zero and first conditionals, future time clauses

Conditional Sentences

Permission

• Can't / can: permission and possibility

Future Perfect

• Future perfect and future continuous

Gerund

• Verb + object + infinitive or gerund
• Uses of the gerund (verb-ing)

Word Order

• Word order in questions: be and present simple
• WH + be + S +...?
• WH + auxiliary verb + S + infinitive (= verb)..?
• Using adjectives as nouns, adjective order

Giving Directions

• Review giving directions
• go through
• go straight ahead
• go past
• turn left/right
• carry on

Adding Emphasis

• Adding emphasis (1): inversion
• Adding emphasis (2): cleft sentences

Making Predictions

• Will/won't (predictions)

Question Format

• Will/won't/shall (other uses)
• Question formation

Past Tense Forms

• Review of verb forms: present, past and future

Superlative

• Uses of the infinitive with to

Getting to the Airport

On The Phone

Past Perfect

Used to

• Used to, be used to, get used to

Have Something Done

• Have + object + past participle
• Includes arranging (and usually pay) for someone to do something for you, either because you can't or don't want to do it yourself
• Example: have my hair cut VS cut my hair

Reported Speech

• Reporting verbs
• Reported speech (basics)

Conditional Forms

• Zero and first conditionals, future time clauses

Be Going To

• Be going to (plans)
• Be going to (predictions)

Plans

• Expressing future plans and arrangements

Advanced Gerunds

• Advanced gerunds and infinitives

Permission, Obligation, and Necessity

Talking on the Phone

The Date

• Say the date