Basic Concepts of Matter and Atoms

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Questions and Answers

What is the mass number of an atom?

The sum of the atomic number and the number of electrons

The number of protons minus the number of neutrons

The total number of protons and neutrons in the atom's nucleus (correct)

The total number of electrons in the atom

How many particles are there in one mole of any substance?

4.56 × 10²³ particles

3.01 × 10²² particles

6.022 × 10²³ particles (correct)

1.67 × 10²⁴ particles

What property of water contributes to its ability to regulate body temperature?

High Specific Heat (correct)

Cohesion

Acidity

Polarity

What type of phase change occurs when a solid becomes a liquid?

Melting Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hydrogen bonds in water?

Increase the boiling point Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when an atom donates an electron to another atom?

An ionic bond Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the pH scale is correct?

Pure water has a neutral pH of 7. Signup and view all the answers

In a polar covalent bond, what happens to the shared electrons?

They are shared unequally, creating partial charges Signup and view all the answers

Which example represents a process of condensation?

Water vapor forming droplets on a cold surface Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following roles do organic molecules play in living organisms?

They contribute to the structure and function of body tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What type of intermolecular bond is responsible for water's high surface tension?

Hydrogen Bonds Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes non-polar covalent bonds from polar covalent bonds?

Non-polar bonds have no charge distribution Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for maintaining electrolyte balance in the human body?

Sodium chloride Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of cohesion in water?

Water molecules sticking to each other. Signup and view all the answers

Why is water considered an excellent solvent?

Its polarity allows it to dissolve a wide range of substances. Signup and view all the answers

What type of intermolecular force is primarily found between non-polar molecules?

Van der Waals Forces Signup and view all the answers

What role do enzymes play in biochemical reactions?

They catalyze reactions, increasing their rate. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a transport protein?

Hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What is a structural protein that provides strength and elasticity to connective tissues?

Collagen Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes RNA in comparison to DNA?

RNA is single-stranded and uses uracil instead of thymine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure of DNA?

Double helix of nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

Which protein acts as a hormone to regulate blood glucose levels?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

What component do both DNA and RNA share?

They are both composed of nucleotides. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA is double-stranded and more stable than RNA. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms?

Covalent bond Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of hemoglobin in the human body?

Transporting oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What effect does hyperglycemia have on proteins in the context of wound healing?

Leads to the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can impair the structural integrity of the skin in diabetic patients?

Deficiency in essential fatty acids and proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical component of effective management for diabetic foot ulcers?

Strict glucose control Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)?

They are formed from prolonged exposure to high glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary component is essential for providing building blocks for tissue repair in diabetic patients?

Protein Signup and view all the answers

How does water contribute to maintaining homeostasis in the human body?

It helps regulate temperature and transport nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of carbohydrates in the body?

Primary source of energy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of monosaccharide?

Fructose Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes triglycerides from phospholipids?

Triglycerides consist of three fatty acids, while phospholipids include two fatty acids and a phosphate group. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lipid is known for its role as a precursor to hormones?

Steroids Signup and view all the answers

What defines a disaccharide?

Two monosaccharides bonded together Signup and view all the answers

What are the building blocks of proteins called?

Amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes polysaccharides?

Long chains of monosaccharides linked together Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of unsaturated fatty acids?

They contain one or more double bonds. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about atoms is true?

The number of protons determines the element's identity. Signup and view all the answers

What is an ion?

A molecule with a net electrical charge due to loss or gain of electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a cation from an anion?

A cation loses electrons, creating a positive charge, while an anion gains electrons, creating a negative charge. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes neutrons?

Neutrons are found in the nucleus and do not have an electrical charge. Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number of an element defined by?

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of electrons in chemical reactions?

The arrangement of electrons influences how an atom interacts with other atoms. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about matter is incorrect?

Matter has no influence on the physiological processes. Signup and view all the answers

Which example accurately represents a characteristic of sodium (Na)?

Sodium is a cation with one electron in its outermost shell, making it reactive. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Basic Concepts

Matter is anything with mass and takes up space. It exists as solids, liquids, and gases.
Atoms are the fundamental unit of matter, composed of a nucleus (protons & neutrons) and orbiting electrons.
Protons are positively charged particles in the nucleus; the number of protons defines an element.
Electrons are negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus; their number and arrangement determine an atom's interactions.
Neutrons are neutral particles in the nucleus, contributing to the atom's mass.
Ions are atoms or molecules with a net electrical charge due to gaining or losing electrons.
Cations are positively charged ions (formed by losing electrons).
Anions are negatively charged ions (formed by gaining electrons).

Atomic Number and Mass Number

Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom, defining the element.
Mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

Moles

A mole is a unit used to express amount of substance.
One mole contains 6.022 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro's number).

Phase Changes

Melting: Solid to liquid
Evaporation: Liquid to gas
Boiling: Liquid to gas at boiling point
Condensation: Gas to liquid
Freezing: Liquid to solid

Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonds hold atoms together to form molecules.
Ionic bonds form when one atom donates an electron to another, creating oppositely charged ions that attract.
Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons.
Nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons equally.
Polar covalent bonds share electrons unequally, creating partial charges.
Intermolecular bonds are weak forces between molecules, affecting properties like boiling and melting points.
Hydrogen bonds are a specific type of intermolecular bond where a hydrogen atom is attracted to a highly electronegative atom in another molecule.

Water and Its Properties

Water is the most abundant molecule in the human body (60-70%).
Water's polarity makes it a good solvent for many substances.
Water has a high specific heat, meaning it can absorb and release significant heat without large temperature changes, regulating body temperature.
Cohesion and adhesion of water molecules influence processes like capillary action. Water is essential in the human digestive system for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients.

pH

pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺) in a solution; it indicates acidity or alkalinity.
A pH of 7 is neutral (pure water).
pH < 7 is acidic.
pH > 7 is alkaline.

Organic Chemistry

Organic molecules contain carbon and are essential for life; includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates are the body's primary energy source, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Monosaccharides are simple sugars (e.g., glucose).
- Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined together (e.g., sucrose).
- Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides (e.g., glycogen).
Lipids are hydrophobic molecules (fats, oils, and cholesterol), storing energy, forming cell membranes, and acting as signaling molecules.
- Triglycerides are composed of glycerol and fatty acids, stored fat.
- Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes.
- Fatty acids are long chains of carbon atoms; saturated (no double bonds), unsaturated (one or more double bonds).
Proteins are complex molecules made of amino acids, performing various functions (enzymes, structural proteins, transport proteins, hormones).
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) store and transmit genetic information. DNA is a double helix, while RNA is single-stranded.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) and Short Answer Questions (SAQs)

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of matter, atoms, and their components. This quiz covers definitions of protons, neutrons, electrons, and the difference between cations and anions. Test your knowledge on atomic numbers, mass numbers, and the concept of moles.