Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space.
Elements: Pure substances that cannot be broken down; represented in the periodic table.
Compounds: Substances formed from two or more elements chemically bonded together.
Mixtures: Physical combinations of two or more substances that retain their individual properties.

Atoms: Basic units of matter; consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Protons: Positively charged particles in the nucleus.
- Neutrons: Neutral particles in the nucleus.
- Electrons: Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus.
Atomic Number: Number of protons in an atom; defines the element.
Mass Number: Total number of protons and neutrons.

Ionic Bonds: Formed through the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, creating charged ions.
Covalent Bonds: Formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
Metallic Bonds: Bonds between metal atoms where electrons are shared in a "sea of electrons."

Reactants: Substances that undergo a change in a chemical reaction.
Products: Substances formed as a result of the reaction.
Types of Reactions:
- Synthesis: Combining elements to form a compound.
- Decomposition: Breaking down a compound into simpler substances.
- Single Replacement: One element replaces another in a compound.
- Double Replacement: Exchange of ions between two compounds.
- Combustion: Reaction with oxygen, producing heat and light.

Solid: Definite shape and volume; particles are closely packed.
Liquid: Definite volume but takes the shape of its container; particles are close but can move freely.
Gas: No definite shape or volume; particles are far apart and move freely.

Acids: Substances that donate protons (H+) in solution; have a pH less than 7.
Bases: Substances that accept protons or donate hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution; have a pH greater than 7.
pH Scale: Measures the acidity or basicity of a solution; ranges from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic), with 7 being neutral.

Groups: Vertical columns; elements in the same group have similar chemical properties.
Periods: Horizontal rows; properties change gradually across a period.
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids: Distinct categories with different properties.

Mole: A unit representing 6.022 x 10^23 particles; relates mass to the number of atoms/molecules.
Molar Mass: The mass of one mole of a substance, typically expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).
Balanced Chemical Equations: Represent the conservation of mass where the number of atoms for each element is the same on both sides.

Hydrocarbons: Compounds made solely of carbon and hydrogen.
- Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds.
- Alkenes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond.
- Alkynes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond.

Titration: Technique to determine the concentration of a solution by reacting it with a standard solution.
Filtration: Method for separating solids from liquids or gases.
Distillation: Technique for separating components based on differences in boiling points.

Matter is anything with mass and volume.
Elements are fundamental substances represented on the periodic table, unbreakable into simpler forms.
Compounds result from chemical bonds between two or more elements.
Mixtures combine substances physically, maintaining their distinct properties.

Atoms are the foundational units of matter, made of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons carry a positive charge and reside in the nucleus.
Neutrons are neutral particles also found in the nucleus.
Electrons are negatively charged and orbit the nucleus.
The Atomic Number indicates the number of protons and defines an element.
Mass Number signifies the combined total of protons and neutrons in an atom.

Ionic Bonds involve electron transfer, leading to the formation of charged ions.
Covalent Bonds occur when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
Metallic Bonds are characterized by a collective sharing of electrons among metal atoms.

Solids have fixed shapes and volumes, with tightly packed particles.
Liquids have a definite volume but conform to the shape of their container, with closely spaced particles that can move.
Gases lack fixed shape or volume, with particles that are widely spaced and move freely.

Groups are vertical columns where elements share similar chemical properties.
Periods are horizontal rows where properties gradually vary across the row.
Elements are categorized as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids, each grouping showcases distinct physical and chemical properties.

Endothermic Reactions absorb heat from their surroundings, resulting in a temperature drop.
Exothermic Reactions release heat, causing an increase in surrounding temperature.
Enthalpy (H) refers to the total heat content present in a system.

The Mole quantifies a substance as 6.022 x 10^23 particles, bridging mass and atomic/molecular counts.
Molar Mass indicates the mass of a mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).
Balanced Chemical Equations ensure that the number of atoms per element remains constant on both sides, reflecting the law of conservation of mass.

Hydrocarbons consist entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons featuring only single bonds between carbon atoms.
Alkenes contain at least one double bond, classifying them as unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Alkynes have one or more triple bonds, marking a different unsaturated category.

Titration measures solution concentration by neutralizing it with a standard solution.
Filtration separates solids from liquids or gases based on particle size.
Distillation extracts components based on variances in boiling points, enabling purification.