Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space. Divided into pure substances and mixtures.
Atoms: Basic unit of matter; consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Elements: Pure substances made of one type of atom (e.g., hydrogen, oxygen).
Compounds: Substances formed from two or more different elements chemically bonded (e.g., water).

Solid: Fixed shape and volume; particles tightly packed.
Liquid: Fixed volume, shape of the container; particles close but able to flow.
Gas: No fixed shape or volume; particles far apart and move freely.

Ionic Bonds: Formed through the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, creating charged ions.
Covalent Bonds: Formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
Metallic Bonds: Occur between metal atoms where electrons are shared in a "sea" of electrons.

Reactants: Substances that undergo change in a reaction.
Products: Substances formed as a result of the reaction.
Law of Conservation of Mass: Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Synthesis: Two or more substances combine to form a new compound.
Decomposition: A compound breaks down into simpler substances.
Single Replacement: An element replaces another in a compound.
Double Replacement: The exchange of ions between two compounds.
Combustion: A substance reacts with oxygen, producing energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

Acids: Substances that donate protons (H+) in solution; taste sour and turn litmus paper red.
Bases: Substances that accept protons or donate hydroxide ions (OH-); taste bitter and turn litmus paper blue.
pH Scale: Measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (0-14); <7 (acidic), 7 (neutral), >7 (basic).

Elements: Arranged by atomic number; columns represent groups with similar chemical properties.
Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids: Distinct categories based on properties.
Trends: Atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity change across periods and groups.

Mole: A unit to measure the amount of substance; 1 mole = 6.022 x 10^23 particles.
Molar Mass: The mass of one mole of a substance, used for conversions between grams and moles.
Balancing Equations: Ensures the same number of each type of atom on both sides of the reaction.

Hydrocarbons: Compounds made exclusively of hydrogen and carbon (e.g., alkanes, alkenes, alkynes).
Functional Groups: Specific groups of atoms that confer characteristic properties (e.g., alcohols, carboxylic acids).
Isomers: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures or arrangements.

Macromolecules: Large organic molecules essential for life (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids).
Enzymes: Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism; includes catabolism and anabolism.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Safety goggles, gloves, lab coats to protect against chemical exposure.
Chemical Hygiene Plan: Guidelines for handling chemicals safely in a laboratory environment.
Emergency Procedures: Know how to respond to spills, fires, and exposure incidents.

Matter encompasses anything possessing mass and occupying space.
Pure substances consist of a single type of atom or molecule, while mixtures involve multiple components.
Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Elements are pure substances made of one type of atom, such as hydrogen or oxygen.
Compounds are formed when two or more elements chemically bond, creating a new substance with distinct properties, like water.

Solids retain a fixed shape and volume due to tightly packed particles.
Liquids possess a fixed volume but take the shape of their container, with particles close together yet able to flow.
Gases have no fixed shape or volume, particles are far apart and move freely.

Ionic bonds form through the transfer of electrons between atoms, resulting in charged ions that attract each other.
Covalent bonds arise from the sharing of one or more electron pairs between atoms.
Metallic bonds occur in metals, where electrons are shared freely within a "sea of electrons," contributing to their conductivity.

Reactants are the starting substances in a chemical reaction that undergo transformation.
Products are the new substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction.

Synthesis reactions involve combining two or more substances to form a new compound.
Decomposition reactions break down a compound into simpler substances.
Single replacement reactions feature an element replacing another in a compound.
Double replacement reactions involve the exchange of ions between two compounds.
Combustion reactions occur when a substance reacts with oxygen, releasing energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

Acids donate protons (H+) in solutions, tasting sour and turning litmus paper red.
Bases accept protons or donate hydroxide ions (OH-), tasting bitter and turning litmus paper blue.
The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, with a range of 0 to 14, where 7 is neutral.

The Periodic Table arranges elements by increasing atomic number, with columns representing groups, elements sharing similar chemical properties.
Elements are classified into metals, nonmetals, and metalloids based on their properties.
Periodic trends like atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity vary across periods and groups.

The mole is a unit of measurement for the amount of substance, with 1 mole equaling 6.022 x 10^23 particles.
Molar mass represents the mass of one mole of a substance, enabling conversions between grams and moles.
Balancing chemical equations ensures the same number of each type of atom on both sides of the reaction, adhering to the law of conservation of mass.

Hydrocarbons consist solely of hydrogen and carbon atoms, forming compounds like alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
Functional groups are specific groups of atoms that confer unique properties to organic compounds, such as alcohols and carboxylic acids.
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures or arrangements, leading to different properties.

Macromolecules are large organic molecules essential for life, including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions in an organism, encompassing catabolism (breaking down) and anabolism (building up).

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), including safety goggles, gloves, and lab coats, safeguards against chemical exposure.
Chemical Hygiene Plans provide guidelines for safe handling of chemicals in a laboratory setting.
Emergency Procedures outline protocols for responding to spills, fires, and exposure incidents, ensuring a safe laboratory environment.