Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space.
- States of Matter: Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma.
Atoms: Basic units of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Atomic Structure:
  - Protons: Positive charge, found in the nucleus.
  - Neutrons: No charge, found in the nucleus.
  - Electrons: Negative charge, orbit the nucleus.
Elements: Pure substances consisting of only one type of atom, represented by symbols on the periodic table.
Compounds: Substances formed from two or more elements chemically bonded together.

Ionic Bonds: Formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating charged ions.
Covalent Bonds: Formed when atoms share electrons.
Metallic Bonds: Involves a 'sea of electrons' shared among metal atoms.

Reactants: Substances present before a reaction.
Products: Substances formed after a reaction.
Types of Reactions:
- Synthesis: Two or more substances combine to form a new compound.
- Decomposition: A single compound breaks down into simpler substances.
- Single Replacement: One element replaces another in a compound.
- Double Replacement: Exchange of ions between two compounds.

Acids: Substances that donate protons (H⁺ ions) in solution; have a pH less than 7.
Bases: Substances that accept protons or donate hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in solution; have a pH greater than 7.
pH Scale: Measures acidity or alkalinity; ranges from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly basic), with 7 being neutral.

The calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions.
Mole: A unit that represents 6.022 x 10²³ particles (atoms, molecules, etc.).
Use balanced equations to calculate quantities of reactants/products.

Solution: A homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent.
Concentration: The amount of solute in a given volume of solution (e.g., molarity).
Solubility: The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature.

Focuses on carbon-containing compounds.
Functional Groups: Specific groups of atoms within molecules that determine characteristics and reactivity (e.g., hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino groups).

Titration: A technique to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution.
Chromatography: A method for separating components in a mixture based on their movement through a stationary phase.
Spectroscopy: Technique to analyze the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.

Always adhere to safety protocols and use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) in the laboratory.
Understand Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for information on handling chemicals.

Matter is defined as anything that possesses mass and occupies space.
Four primary states of matter are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
Atoms, the fundamental units of matter, are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons carry a positive charge and reside in the atomic nucleus.
Neutrons are neutral and also located in the nucleus.
Electrons carry a negative charge and orbit around the nucleus.
Elements are pure substances that consist of only one type of atom, identifiable by symbols on the periodic table.
Compounds arise when two or more different elements are chemically bonded together.

Elements in the periodic table are organized by increasing atomic number.
Groups (vertical columns) contain elements sharing similar chemical properties.
Periods (horizontal rows) categorize elements that have the same number of electron shells.

Ionic bonds occur when electrons are transferred, resulting in charged ions.
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.
Metallic bonds are characterized by a 'sea of electrons' which are shared among metal atoms.

Reactants are the starting substances present before a chemical reaction.
Products are the substances that are created after the reaction takes place.
Types of chemical reactions include:
- Synthesis: Combination of two or more substances to form a new compound.
- Decomposition: Breakdown of a single compound into simpler substances.
- Single Replacement: An element substitutes for another element in a compound.
- Double Replacement: An exchange of ions occurs between two compounds.

Acids are substances that donate protons (H⁺ ions) in solution, typically with a pH below 7.
Bases accept protons or donate hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in solution and usually have a pH above 7.
The pH scale ranges from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly basic), with 7 representing neutrality.

Stoichiometry involves calculations concerning the quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions.
A mole is a unit representing 6.022 x 10²³ particles, encompassing atoms, molecules, etc.
Balanced chemical equations are essential for calculating the quantities of reactants and products.

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of solute dissolved within a solvent.
Concentration denotes the amount of solute within a specific volume of solution, often expressed in molarity (mol/L).
Solubility measures how well a solute dissolves in a solvent at a particular temperature.

Organic chemistry specializes in carbon-containing compounds, which can be complex or simple.
Functional groups are specific sets of atoms within molecules that influence their characteristics and reactivity, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino groups.

Inorganic chemistry pertains to compounds that do not fall under the realm of organic chemistry.
This area includes metals, minerals, and various coordination compounds.

Titration is a method used to ascertain the concentration of a substance in a solution.
Chromatography facilitates the separation of components in a mixture based on their movement through a stationary phase.
Spectroscopy analyzes how matter interacts with electromagnetic radiation, providing insight into material properties.

Compliance with safety protocols is critical, along with the proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in laboratory settings.
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) provide essential information for the safe handling of chemicals.