Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space.
- States of matter: solid, liquid, gas, plasma.
Atoms: Basic units of matter; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Atomic number: Number of protons in an atom.
- Mass number: Sum of protons and neutrons.
Molecules: Two or more atoms chemically bonded together.

Ionic Bonds:
- Formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
- Involves metals and non-metals.
Covalent Bonds:
- Formed by sharing electrons between atoms.
- Typically occurs between non-metals.
Metallic Bonds:
- Involves the sharing of free electrons among a lattice of metal atoms.

Types of Reactions:
- Synthesis: Combining substances (A + B → AB).
- Decomposition: Breaking down substances (AB → A + B).
- Single Replacement: One element substitutes for another (A + BC → AC + B).
- Double Replacement: Exchange of ions between compounds (AB + CD → AD + CB).
- Combustion: Reaction with oxygen producing heat and light (typically hydrocarbons).
Law of Conservation of Mass: Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Acids:
- Donate protons (H⁺ ions).
- pH < 7.
Bases:
- Accept protons or donate hydroxide ions (OH⁻).
- pH > 7.
Neutralization Reaction: Reaction between an acid and a base producing water and salt.

Kinetics: Study of reaction rates influenced by:
- Concentration
- Temperature
- Catalysts
Equilibrium: State where the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
- Le Chatelier's Principle: System will adjust to counteract changes.

Focuses on carbon-containing compounds.
Functional Groups: Specific groups of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions (e.g., alcohols, carboxylic acids).

Examines the chemical processes within and related to living organisms.
Key biomolecules:
- Carbohydrates: Sugars and starches providing energy.
- Proteins: Made of amino acids; crucial for structure and function.
- Lipids: Fats and oils serving as energy storage and structural components.
- Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA, involved in genetic information storage and transfer.

Titration: Method to determine the concentration of a solution.
Chromatography: Technique for separating mixtures.
Spectroscopy: Study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.

Use personal protective equipment (PPE): goggles, gloves, lab coats.
Know the location of safety equipment: eyewash stations, fire extinguishers, first-aid kits.
Understand material safety data sheets (MSDS) for chemicals used.

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
The common states of matter are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons it contains.
The mass number of an atom is the sum of its protons and neutrons.
Molecules are formed by the chemical bonding of two or more atoms.

Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred between atoms, typically involving metals and nonmetals.
Covalent bonds occur when electrons are shared between atoms, usually occurring between nonmetals.
Metallic bonds involve the sharing of free electrons among a lattice of metal atoms.

Synthesis reactions combine substances to form a more complex product (A + B → AB).
Decomposition reactions break down a substance into simpler components (AB → A + B).
Single replacement reactions involve one element substituting for another in a compound (A + BC → AC + B).
Double replacement reactions involve the exchange of ions between two compounds (AB + CD → AD + CB).
Combustion reactions are reactions with oxygen, often producing heat and light, commonly involving hydrocarbons.
The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass is not created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Acids donate protons (H⁺ ions), having a pH less than 7.
Bases accept protons or donate hydroxide ions (OH⁻), having a pH greater than 7.
Neutralization reactions occur when an acid and a base react, producing water and salt.

The periodic table is organized by increasing atomic number.
Vertical columns in the periodic table are called groups or families and contain elements with similar properties.
Horizontal rows in the periodic table are called periods and indicate the energy levels of the elements.

Chemical kinetics studies reaction rates, which are influenced by concentration, temperature, and catalysts.
Equilibrium is achieved when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
Le Chatelier's Principle states that a system at equilibrium will adjust to counteract any changes.

Organic chemistry focuses on carbon-containing compounds.
Functional groups are specific groups of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions in organic molecules, like alcohols and carboxylic acids.

Inorganic chemistry examines compounds without carbon, including metals, minerals, and organometallic compounds.

Biochemistry explores the chemical processes occurring within and related to living organisms.
Key biomolecules include:
- Carbohydrates: Sugars and starches important for energy.
- Proteins: Complex molecules made of amino acids, crucial for structure and function.
- Lipids: Fats and oils serving as energy storage and structural components.
- Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA, essential for genetic information storage and transfer.

Titration is a technique used to determine the concentration of a solution.
Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures based on their properties.
Spectroscopy involves studying the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) should always be worn in the laboratory, including goggles, gloves, and lab coats.
The location of safety equipment like eyewash stations, fire extinguishers, and first-aid kits should be known.
Material safety data sheets (MSDS) should be reviewed for any chemicals used in the laboratory.