Basic Concepts in Chemistry

Atoms: The basic unit of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Molecules: Formed when two or more atoms bond together.
Elements: Pure substances made of one type of atom, organized in the periodic table.

Solid: Definite shape and volume; particles are closely packed.
Liquid: Definite volume but no definite shape; particles are close but can move freely.
Gas: No definite shape or volume; particles are far apart and move freely.

Ionic Bonds: Formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
Covalent Bonds: Formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
Metallic Bonds: Involves the pooling of electrons among a lattice of metal atoms.

Reactants: Substances that undergo a change in a chemical reaction.
Products: Substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
Types of Reactions:
- Synthesis: Two or more substances combine to form one.
- Decomposition: A single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances.
- Single Replacement: One element replaces another in a compound.
- Double Replacement: Exchange of ions between two compounds.

Acids: Substances that donate protons (H+) in a solution.
- Characteristics: Sour taste, conduct electricity, turn blue litmus paper red.
Bases: Substances that accept protons or donate hydroxide ions (OH-).
- Characteristics: Bitter taste, slippery feel, turn red litmus paper blue.

Molar Mass: The mass of one mole of a substance, used for conversion between grams and moles.
Balancing Equations: Ensures that the number of atoms for each element is conserved in a reaction.

Reaction Rate: The speed at which reactants are converted into products.
Factors Affecting Rate:
- Concentration of reactants
- Temperature
- Catalysts

Hydrocarbons: Compounds made only of carbon and hydrogen.
Functional Groups: Specific groups of atoms within molecules that determine the chemical reactivity.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Includes goggles, gloves, and lab coats.
Proper Disposal: Follow guidelines for disposing of chemicals to prevent environmental contamination.

Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons, forming the building blocks of matter.
Molecules are created when two or more atoms chemically bond together.
Elements are pure substances represented in the periodic table, made of only one type of atom.

Solids maintain a definite shape and volume with particles tightly packed.
Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container, with particles that are close yet able to move.
Gases have neither a definite shape nor volume, with widely spaced particles that move freely.

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons between atoms, resulting in charged ions.
Covalent bonds are formed by atoms sharing electrons to achieve stability.
Metallic bonds consist of electrons pooled among a lattice of metal atoms, allowing for conductivity and malleability.

Reactants are the starting substances that undergo transformation during a chemical reaction.
Products are the substances produced as a result of a chemical reaction.
Synthesis reactions combine multiple substances into one product.
Decomposition reactions break a single compound into simpler substances.
Single replacement reactions involve one element replacing another in a compound.
Double replacement reactions occur when ions are exchanged between two compounds.

Acids donate protons (H+) in solution and typically taste sour, conduct electricity, and turn blue litmus paper red.
Bases accept protons or donate hydroxide ions (OH-) and feature a bitter taste, slippery feel, and turn red litmus paper blue.

Groups are vertical columns in the periodic table that exhibit similar chemical properties.
Periods are horizontal rows that indicate the number of electron shells in an atom.
Elements are classified into metals, nonmetals, and metalloids based on their properties.

Molar mass is used to convert grams to moles and vice versa.
Balancing chemical equations is crucial to ensure that the number of atoms for each element is conserved throughout the reaction.

Exothermic reactions release heat, increasing the temperature of the surroundings.
Endothermic reactions absorb heat, resulting in a decrease in the temperature of the surroundings.

Reaction rate describes how quickly reactants convert into products.
Factors affecting the reaction rate include the concentration of reactants, temperature, and the presence of catalysts.

Hydrocarbons are compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Functional groups are specific atoms or groups of atoms within molecules that influence their chemical reactivity.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) includes goggles, gloves, and lab coats to ensure safety during experiments.
Proper disposal of chemicals is essential to prevent contamination and protect the environment.