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Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements accurately describes Gay-Lussac's Law?
Which of the following statements accurately describes Gay-Lussac's Law?
What happens to the vapor pressure of a solution when a non-volatile solute is added?
What happens to the vapor pressure of a solution when a non-volatile solute is added?
In Raoult's Law, the depression of vapor pressure is directly proportional to what?
In Raoult's Law, the depression of vapor pressure is directly proportional to what?
Which scenario correctly illustrates the effect of ionizing solutes on vapor pressure depression?
Which scenario correctly illustrates the effect of ionizing solutes on vapor pressure depression?
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Which condition is required for Raoult’s Law to apply?
Which condition is required for Raoult’s Law to apply?
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What is the equivalent concentration of Ca2+ in eq/l if the concentration is 40 mg/l?
What is the equivalent concentration of Ca2+ in eq/l if the concentration is 40 mg/l?
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Which of the following best describes a covalent bond?
Which of the following best describes a covalent bond?
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What occurs when an atom loses electrons?
What occurs when an atom loses electrons?
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How should a balanced chemical equation reflect mass conservation?
How should a balanced chemical equation reflect mass conservation?
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Which of the following laws states that gas volume is inversely related to pressure at a constant temperature?
Which of the following laws states that gas volume is inversely related to pressure at a constant temperature?
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In the equation PV = nRT, what does 'R' represent?
In the equation PV = nRT, what does 'R' represent?
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What is the total mass of NaCl generated when 40 g of NaOH reacts with 36.5 g of HCl?
What is the total mass of NaCl generated when 40 g of NaOH reacts with 36.5 g of HCl?
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Which statement is true about the direct relationship described by Charles's Law?
Which statement is true about the direct relationship described by Charles's Law?
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What is the molecular weight of CH4 gas?
What is the molecular weight of CH4 gas?
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What would be the volume of a tank if there are 625,000 moles of gas at 25°C?
What would be the volume of a tank if there are 625,000 moles of gas at 25°C?
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What does Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure state about gases in a mixture?
What does Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure state about gases in a mixture?
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Which equation represents Henry's Law?
Which equation represents Henry's Law?
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At 20°C, what is the Henry’s Law constant (KH) for oxygen in water?
At 20°C, what is the Henry’s Law constant (KH) for oxygen in water?
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If the partial pressure of O2 (Pgas) in air is 0.21 atm and KH is 43.8 mg/L·atm, what is the equilibrium concentration of O2 in water?
If the partial pressure of O2 (Pgas) in air is 0.21 atm and KH is 43.8 mg/L·atm, what is the equilibrium concentration of O2 in water?
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According to Graham's Law, how does the rate of diffusion of gases relate to their density?
According to Graham's Law, how does the rate of diffusion of gases relate to their density?
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Which application is NOT mentioned under the application of Henry’s Law?
Which application is NOT mentioned under the application of Henry’s Law?
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What is the definition of gram molecular weight (GMW)?
What is the definition of gram molecular weight (GMW)?
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How is equivalent weight (EW) calculated?
How is equivalent weight (EW) calculated?
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What is a molal solution?
What is a molal solution?
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To determine the atomic weight of an element using isotopes, you should multiply each isotope's atomic mass by its abundance and then sum the results. What is the final step?
To determine the atomic weight of an element using isotopes, you should multiply each isotope's atomic mass by its abundance and then sum the results. What is the final step?
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What is the atomic weight of chlorine (Cl) when calculated using its isotopes?
What is the atomic weight of chlorine (Cl) when calculated using its isotopes?
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What is the molecular weight (MW) of CaCO3?
What is the molecular weight (MW) of CaCO3?
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When calculating the concentration of 40 mg/l of Ca2+ expressed in terms of CaCO3, what concept is being utilized?
When calculating the concentration of 40 mg/l of Ca2+ expressed in terms of CaCO3, what concept is being utilized?
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For a solution involving physical properties like boiling point changes, which type of solution is most appropriate to use?
For a solution involving physical properties like boiling point changes, which type of solution is most appropriate to use?
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Study Notes
Basic Concepts from General Chemistry
- Atomic Weight: Relative weights of atoms compared to carbon (standard = 12).
- Gram Atomic Weight: Quantity of an element in grams equal to its atomic weight.
- Gram Molecular Weight (GMW/MW): Molecular weight in grams of a compound (also called a mole).
- Molar Solution: 1 gram molecular weight dissolved in enough water to make 1 liter. Used for equilibrium calculations.
- Molal Solution: 1 gram molecular weight dissolved in 1 liter of water. Used when properties like vapor pressure, freezing/boiling points are influenced.
- Equivalent Weight (EW): MW / Z, where Z is the absolute value of the ion charge or the change in valence in a redox reaction; The number of H⁺ or OH⁻ ions a species can react with or yield in an acid-base reaction.
Calculating Atomic Weight
- Refer to the Periodic Table.
-
Isotopes: Different forms of the same element. Example: Chlorine has isotopes
- 35Cl (atomic mass = 34.969, Abundance = 75.77%)
- 37Cl (atomic mass = 36.966, Abundance = 24.23%)
- Calculate the average atomic weight using isotope abundance and mass.
Calculating Equivalent Weight of Ca2+, CaCO3
- Ca2+: EW = MW/Z = 40 g/mol / 2 = 20 g/equiv
-
CaCO3:
- MW = (40 x 1) + (12 x 1) + (16 x 3) = 100 g/mol
- EW = MW/Z = 100 g/mol / 2 = 50 g/equiv
Ionic and Covalent Bonds
- Ionic Bond: Formed by electron transfer between atoms.
- Covalent Bond: Formed by shared electrons between atoms.
- Valency (Oxidation Number): Number of electrons an atom can gain, lose, or share.
Redox Reactions
- Oxidation: Loss of electrons, resulting in a positive charge.
- Reduction: Gain of electrons, resulting in a negative charge.
Chemical Equations
- Balancing Chemical Equations: Ensure equal numbers of each type of atom on both sides of the equation.
- Conservation of Mass: Total mass of reactants = total mass of products.
Gas Laws
- Boyle's Law: Volume and pressure of a gas are inversely proportional at constant temperature.
- Charles' Law: Volume and temperature of a gas are directly proportional at constant pressure.
- Combined Gas Law (Ideal Gas Law): PV = nRT, where P = pressure, V = volume, n = moles, R = ideal gas constant, T = absolute temperature.
- Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures: Each gas in a mixture exerts its pressure independently, equal to the pressure it would exert if it were alone.
- Henry's Law: The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid.
Solutions
- Vapor Pressure: The pressure exerted by vapor in equilibrium with its liquid in a closed system; Presence of solute lowers vapor pressure.
- Raoult's Law: The extent of reduction in a solution's vapor pressure is proportional to the concentration of solute particles.
Other Concepts
- Graham's Law: Rates of gas diffusion are inversely proportional to the square root of their densities.
- Gay-Lussac's Law of Combining Volumes: The volumes of gases involved in a reaction (at constant temperature and pressure) can be expressed as ratios of small whole numbers.
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Description
Test your understanding of fundamental concepts in general chemistry, including atomic weight, molar solutions, and equivalent weight. This quiz covers definitions, calculations, and applications relevant to chemistry studies. Perfect for students looking to solidify their grasp on chemical principles.
