Basic Chemistry Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is the study of the composition and characteristics of matter, and the changes that it can undergo?

chemistry

What is the study of how the human body functions?

human physiology

What do the foods you eat and the air you breathe provide to your cells?

nutrients and oxygen

What is true about chemicals in food?

<p>they are not necessarily harmful</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Section 4.2 in the chapter?

<p>body structures and functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What system is discussed in Section 4.3 of the chapter?

<p>the digestive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of health problems are covered in Section 4.4 of the chapter?

<p>heartburn and irritable bowel syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are you, according to the chapter, a complex collection of?

<p>chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of particles found in the nucleus of an atom?

<p>Protons and electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an element in chemistry?

<p>A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbol for sodium in chemistry?

<p>Na</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the attraction that holds atoms together in a molecule?

<p>Chemical bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for a water molecule?

<p>H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bonding sites does each carbon atom have?

<p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for compounds that contain carbon?

<p>Organic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for the simple sugar glucose?

<p>C6H12O6</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of solutions in living things?

<p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of solubility?

<p>The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an atom when it gains or loses one or more electrons?

<p>It becomes an ion with an electrical charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for the positively charged hydrogen ion?

<p>H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of electrolytes in the body?

<p>Helping to maintain proper fluid balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an acid?

<p>A substance that loses H+ when dissolved in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of the pH scale?

<p>0 to 14</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a solute and a solvent?

<p>A solute is the substance that dissolves, while a solvent is the substance in which it dissolves</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH of a neutral solution, and why is it considered neutral?

<p>A pH of 7, because it has the same number of H+ as OH−</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the pH of a solution as it becomes more basic or alkaline?

<p>The pH increases above 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare the acidity of tomatoes and black coffee based on their pH values.

<p>Tomatoes are more acidic than black coffee</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of buffers in the blood?

<p>To accept excess OH− or H+ ions and maintain a normal pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the lungs help maintain the normal pH of blood?

<p>By removing excess H+ ions through the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and H2O in exhaled air</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of kidneys in the buffering system?

<p>To remove or neutralize H+ ions from the blood when forming urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of anthocyanin in solutions with a pH of less than 4?

<p>It appears red</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of chemical reaction involves the breaking down of molecules?

<p>Decomposition reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the reaction between vinegar and baking soda?

<p>Carbon dioxide gas and sodium acetate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes in living organisms?

<p>To catalyze (speed up) specific chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions?

<p>Anabolic reactions involve synthesizing new compounds, while catabolic reactions involve breaking down molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of including an acid ingredient in recipes that require baking soda?

<p>To react with the baking soda and produce carbon dioxide gas, which 'raises' the mixture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of heating on enzymes?

<p>Heating destroys enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of combining certain fruits, such as pineapple, with gelatin?

<p>The enzymes in the fruit break down the gelatin, preventing it from gelling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of enzymes that makes them specific to certain reactions?

<p>Each enzyme has a specific action and usually ends with the suffix -ase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the factors that can alter an enzyme's activity?

<p>pH, temperature, and the presence of certain vitamins and minerals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Basic Chemistry Concepts

  • Matter is composed of atoms that contain certain particles, including protons and electrons.
  • Atoms are the building blocks of matter, and there are over 100 different types of atoms, each with its own unique properties.
  • Elements are substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means.
  • Examples of elements essential for human nutrition include hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, magnesium, iron, iodine, copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, chromium, and selenium.

Atoms to Compounds

  • Atoms interact and form chemical bonds, which hold them together and form molecules.
  • Chemical bonds can be single, double, or triple bonds, depending on the number of electrons shared between atoms.
  • Molecules can contain the same element or different elements, and are represented by chemical formulas (e.g. O2, H2O, C6H12O6).

Solutions

  • A solution is an evenly distributed mixture of two or more compounds, where one compound is the solvent (primary component) and the other is the solute (substance that dissolves).
  • Examples of solutions include sports drinks, fruit juice, and blood plasma.
  • Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent.

Ions

  • Ions are atoms or groups of atoms that have gained or lost electrons, resulting in a positive or negative electrical charge.
  • Examples of ions include sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl-).
  • Ions are important in the body, as they help maintain proper fluid balance and nerve function.

Acids and Bases

  • Acids are substances that lose H+ ions when dissolved in water.
  • Bases are substances that accept H+ ions when dissolved in water.
  • The pH scale measures the concentration of H+ ions in a solution, ranging from 0-14, with 7 being neutral.
  • Examples of acidic substances include citric acid, vinegar, and stomach acid, while examples of basic substances include baking soda, soap, and bleach.

Chemical Reactions

  • Chemical reactions involve the changes in the arrangement of atoms in molecules.
  • There are two main types of chemical reactions: synthetic reactions, where elements or compounds combine to form new substances, and decomposition reactions, where molecules break down into simpler substances.
  • Enzymes are biological molecules (usually proteins) that catalyze specific chemical reactions.

Enzymes

  • Enzymes speed up chemical reactions, allowing them to occur at a faster rate.
  • Each enzyme has a specific action and is sensitive to environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, and the presence of certain vitamins and minerals.
  • Enzymes are essential for metabolism, the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells.

Metabolism

  • Metabolism involves both catabolic reactions, which break down molecules, and anabolic reactions, which synthesize new compounds.
  • Enzymes play a crucial role in metabolism, allowing the body to maintain homeostasis and perform various functions.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of chemistry, including the composition of matter, atoms, and elements, and their importance in human nutrition.

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