Basic Chemistry and Science Concepts
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Questions and Answers

Particles slightly larger than molecules can become dispersed in water without settling out. What is this type of watery mixture called?

  • Colloid (correct)
  • Solvent
  • Aqueous solution
  • Solute

    • How does the body dissipate excess heat and maintain normal temperature through the evaporation of water?

  • Transportation
  • Polarity
  • Specific heat
  • Heat of vaporization (correct)

    • The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines its atomic mass.

    False

    The positively charged electrons are found in clouds outside the nucleus of an atom.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Two shared pairs of electrons represent a single covalent bond.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a substance that resists changes in pH when acids or bases are added?

    <p>buffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term atomic weight refers to the average mass number for a particular element based on the typical proportions of different isotopes found in nature.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A molecule can be an element or a compound.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There cannot be an electrically neutral ion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogen bonds form as a result of the attraction between polar molecules.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a formula for a chemical reaction, the substances on the right of the arrow are referred to as products.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During catabolic reactions, some of the energy is released as heat to help keep the body warm.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A few inorganic compounds contain both C-C bonds but no inorganic compound has a C-H bond.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fifty percent or more of a normal adult’s body weight is water.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not one of the major groups of organic substances in the human body?

    <p>Salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following substances are organic except:

    <p>electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The amino group in an amino acid is: NH$_{3^+}$.

    <p>NH3+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes anatomy?

    <p>Investigating human structure via dissections and other methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Systemic anatomy is a term that refers to:

    <p>Anatomical investigation that uses an approach of studying the body by systems—groups of organs having a common function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physiology can be subdivided according to the ___ studied.

    <p>All of the above are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physiology:

    <p>Is the science that examines the function of living organisms and their parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the basic principles of the standardized terminology is the avoidance of ___ terms.

    <p>Eponyms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metabolism refers to:

    <p>The sum of all the physical and chemical reactions occurring in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unsaturated fats will kink or bend because of the double bonds between the carbon atoms. Which option describes unsaturated fats?

    <p>Will kink or bend because of the double bonds between the carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipid acts as a 'tissue hormone'?

    <p>Prostaglandin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The alpha helix is an example of which level of protein structure?

    <p>Secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not true of RNA?

    <p>All of the above are true of RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a major function of protein?

    <p>Provides energy for the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of protein structure refers to the number, kind, and sequence of amino acids?

    <p>Primary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following programming languages with their primary usage:

    <p>Python = General-purpose programming JavaScript = Client-side scripting for web applications SQL = Database queries CSS = Styling web pages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of a catabolic process is:

    <p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not one of the major elements present in the human body?

    <p>Zinc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each characteristic of life with the correct descriptive phrase.

    <p>Conductivity = Movement of body fluids and other substances from one part of the body to another Excretion = Removal of waste produced by many body functions Growth = Comes about as a result of a normal increase in size or number of cells Circulation = Movement of digested nutrients through the wall of the digestive tract into body fluids for transport to the cell Respiration = Exchange of gases between the organism and the environment Responsiveness = Permits an organism to sense, monitor, and respond to changes in the external environment Digestion = Process by which complex food substances are broken down into simple substances that can be absorbed by the cells Absorption = Not provided in the content Secretion = Production and release of specialized substances to support diverse body functions Reproduction = Formation of new individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a subatomic particle?

    <p>Radon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total number of electrons in a neutral atom equals the number of:

    <p>Protons in its nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each term related to an organ to its definition or explanation.

    <p>Basal = Base or widest part of the organ Cortical = Inner region of an organ Apical = Hollow part of an organ or tube of the body Medullary = Outer region or layer of an organ Lumen = Narrow part or point of an organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each level of organization with its description.

    <p>Chemical = Composed of macromolecules Organelle = Includes mitochondria Cellular = Composed of the smallest structure that possesses the basic characteristics of living matter Tissue = Cells working together to perform a specific function Organ = Level at which the tissues work together to perform a specific function System = Level at which a group of organs work together to perform specific complex functions Organism = Highest level of organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An atom can be described as chemically inert if its outermost electron shell contains electrons.

    <p>Eight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In simple terms, what are the characteristics of life?

    <p>Answers will vary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ionic bonds are chemical bonds formed by the:

    <p>Transfer of electrons from one atom to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discuss the principle of complementarity of structure and function.

    <p>Answers will vary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons are called:

    <p>Covalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of chemical reaction most likely to require energy is a(n) _ reaction.

    <p>Synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain one way in which culture has affected science. Explain one way in which science has affected culture.

    <p>Answers will vary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up which percentage of the human body?

    <p>96%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the levels of organization from chemical to system.

    <p>Answers will vary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subatomic particles carry a charge?

    <p>Protons and electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe anatomical position. Give examples of structures that are ipsilateral and contralateral to each other.

    <p>Answers will vary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the directional terms, and use them to describe the relationship between two structures in the body.

    <p>Answers will vary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Of the 11 major body systems, which is the least involved in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>Reproductive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Homeostasis can best be described as:

    <p>A state of relative constancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a protein substance with no DNA or RNA and is thought to be the cause of mad cow disease?

    <p>Prion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Of the pathogenic organisms, which of the following are the most complex?

    <p>Tapeworms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the secretion of oxytocin during childbirth operated as a negative-feedback control loop, what effect would it have on uterine contractions?

    <p>Oxytocin would inhibit uterine contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes intrinsic control?

    <p>Is sometimes called autoregulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each term with its corresponding definition or explanation:

    <p>Prion = A type of protein that converts normal protein in the nervous system into abnormal proteins that cause loss of function. Tumor = An abnormal growth or neoplasm. Fungi = Simple organisms that are similar to plants but lack chlorophyll and parasitize human tissue. Gene mutation = Altered DNA that causes abnormal proteins to be made. Bacteria = A one-celled organism that can parasitize human tissue. Virus = An intracellular parasite consisting of an RNA or DNA core surrounded by a protein coat. Protozoa = Tiny primitive cells that can cause infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe a homeostatic control mechanism including the three basic components.

    <p>Answers will vary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does childbirth demonstrate positive feedback?

    <p>Answers will vary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give an example of how categories of risk factors or predisposing conditions could overlap.

    <p>Answers will vary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the feed-forward control system, and provide an example of one in the body.

    <p>Answers will vary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a trace element in the body?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kind of element is determined by the number of:

    <p>Protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atomic mass is determined by the number of:

    <p>Protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A frontal section divides the body into _____ portions.

    <p>Front and back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Axilla is a term referring to which body region?

    <p>Armpit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ tissue is not a major tissue of the body.

    <p>Cutaneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Apple-shaped' and 'pear-shaped' usually describe subtypes of what major body type?

    <p>Endomorph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An organ is one organizational level higher than a _____?

    <p>Tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does not describe anatomical position?

    <p>Arms extended from the shoulders, palms up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Someone studying gross anatomy would not study which of the following?

    <p>The nucleus of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parietal pleura covers the ____?

    <p>Walls of the thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hollow part of an organ or body structure is called the ____ of the organ.

    <p>Lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The narrowest part of an organ or body structure is called the ____ of the organ.

    <p>Apical part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a directional term of the body?

    <p>Deep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical direction term that means nearer the surface?

    <p>Superficial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An x-ray technician has been asked to make x-ray films of the liver. Which of the abdominopelvic regions must be included?

    <p>Right hypochondriac, epigastric, and left hypochondriac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As a nurse, how would you instruct a patient to assume the anatomical position?

    <p>Have the patient stand up and place his arms at his sides, palms facing forward, with hands and feet facing forward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a routine physical examination, a patient with an endomorphic body type should be advised that such a distribution of fat may lead to what conditions?

    <p>Heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, and diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If your reference point is 'farthest from the trunk of the body' versus 'nearest to the trunk of the body,' where does the knee lie in relation to the ankle?

    <p>Proximal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of microscopic anatomy might include:

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure called the 'powerhouse' of the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many main tissue types are found in the human body?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mediastinum is located in the _____ cavity.

    <p>Ventral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Another term for posterior is:

    <p>Dorsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term most nearly opposite cortical would be:

    <p>Medullary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Withdrawing from a painful stimulus is an example of:

    <p>Responsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each organ to its corresponding system:

    <p>Tendons = Muscular Pituitary gland = Endocrine Skin = Integumentary Capillaries = Cardiovascular Ligaments = Muscular Spinal cord = Nervous Bronchial tree = Respiratory Testes and ovaries = Reproductive Large and small intestines = Digestive Ureters = Urinary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each term to its associated region:

    <p>Thigh = Femoral Arm = Brachial Anterior torso = Abdominal Lower back between ribs and pelvis = Lumbar Fingers and toes = Digital Hip = Coxal Skin = Cutaneous Neck = Cervical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each term to its correct corresponding statement:

    <p>The great toe is ______ to the little toe. = Medial The skin is ______ to the muscles beneath it. = Superficial The vertebrae are located on the ______ aspect of the body. = Posterior The hand is ______ to the shoulder. = Distal The abdomen is ______ to the head. = Inferior The lungs are ______ to the intestines. = Superior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomy and Physiology

    • Anatomy is the study of human structure via dissections and other methods, whereas physiology is the study of the functions of living organisms and their parts.
    • Systemic anatomy involves the study of the body by systems, such as the skeletal system or circulatory system.
    • Physiology can be subdivided according to the type of organism, organizational level, or systemic function being studied.

    Levels of Organization

    • The levels of organization of the body, from smallest to largest, are: chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organism.
    • Cells are the smallest living units of structure and function in the body.
    • Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform a specific function.
    • Organs are structures composed of two or more types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function.
    • Systems are groups of organs that work together to perform a specific function.

    Body Cavities

    • The body has two main cavities: dorsal and ventral.
    • The dorsal cavity contains the brain and spinal cord.
    • The ventral cavity contains the thoracic cavity (heart and lungs) and the abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal and pelvic organs).

    Body Regions

    • The body can be divided into regions, including the axial portion (head, neck, and torso) and the appendicular portion (limbs).
    • The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into nine regions, including the right hypochondriac, epigastric, and left hypochondriac regions.

    Directional Terms

    • Directional terms are used to describe the location of body structures in relation to each other.
    • Terms such as anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, medial, lateral, proximal, and distal are used to describe the location of structures.

    Body Planes and Sections

    • Body planes and sections are used to describe the location of body structures.
    • The three main planes of the body are the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes.

    Somatotype

    • Somatotype refers to the body shape and type, which can be classified into three main categories: endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph.
    • Each somatotype has a specific body shape and is associated with certain health risks.

    Scientific Method

    • The scientific method is used to develop and test hypotheses.
    • A theory is a well-supported explanation for a phenomenon, and a concept is a general idea or understanding of a phenomenon.

    Organization of the Body

    • The body is composed of multiple levels of organization, from the molecular level to the organismal level.
    • The organization of the body is complex and interdependent, with each level building upon the previous one.### Body Systems
    • The body is organized into 11 major systems, each with a specific function:
      • Reproduction and development (reproductive system)
      • Processing, regulation, and maintenance (nervous system)
      • Outer protection (integumentary system)
      • Support and movement (muscular and skeletal systems)
      • Communication, control, and integration (nervous system)
      • Transportation and defense (circulatory and lymphatic systems)

    Body Regions

    • The body can be divided into several regions, including:
      • Abdominal (lower back between ribs and pelvis)
      • Brachial (arm)
      • Cervical (neck)
      • Coxal (hip)
      • Cutaneous (skin)
      • Digital (fingers and toes)
      • Femoral (thigh)
      • Lumbar (lower back)

    Directional Terms

    • Directional terms are used to describe the location of body structures in relation to each other:
      • Superior (above)
      • Inferior (below)
      • Anterior (front)
      • Posterior (back)
      • Medial (middle)
      • Lateral (side)
      • Proximal (near the attachment)
      • Distal (far from the attachment)
      • Superficial (near the surface)
      • Deep (far from the surface)

    Characteristics of Life

    • The characteristics of life include:
      • Conductivity (movement of ions and molecules)
      • Excretion (removal of waste)
      • Growth (increase in size or number of cells)
      • Respiration (exchange of gases between the organism and the environment)
      • Responsiveness (ability to sense and respond to stimuli)
      • Digestion (breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones)
      • Absorption (uptake of nutrients)
      • Secretion (release of specialized substances)
      • Reproduction (formation of new individuals)

    Levels of Organization

    • The levels of organization in the body, from simplest to most complex, are:
      • Chemical (macromolecules)
      • Organelle (specialized structures within cells)
      • Cellular (smallest functional units of life)
      • Tissue (groups of similar cells performing a specific function)
      • Organ (structures composed of two or more types of tissue)
      • System (groups of organs working together to perform a specific function)
      • Organism (the entire living individual)

    Homeostasis

    • Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment:
      • The set point is the normal range of values for a particular physiological parameter
      • Negative feedback mechanisms counteract changes in the internal environment
      • Positive feedback mechanisms amplify changes in the internal environment
      • Homeostasis is essential for maintaining life and preventing disease

    Atomic Structure

    • An atom consists of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons
    • Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of the atom
    • Electrons orbit around the nucleus
    • Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus
    • Atomic mass is the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus

    Elements and Compounds

    • Elements are substances that consist of only one type of atom
    • Compounds are substances that consist of two or more different elements
    • Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons
    • Atomic number determines the identity of an element
    • Atomic mass is used to distinguish between isotopes of an element

    Chemical Bonds

    • Ionic bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms
    • Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms
    • Hydrogen bonds are a type of weak chemical bond
    • Ionic bonds are typically stronger than covalent bonds

    Chemical Reactions

    • Synthesis reactions involve the formation of a new compound
    • Decomposition reactions involve the breakdown of a compound
    • Exchange reactions involve the exchange of atoms or groups of atoms between compounds
    • Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones
    • Anabolism is the building of complex molecules from simpler ones

    Acids and Bases

    • Acids are substances that donate a hydrogen ion (H+)
    • Bases are substances that accept a hydrogen ion (H+)
    • pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
    • pH below 7 is acidic, pH above 7 is basic, and pH of 7 is neutral

    Water and Its Properties

    • Water is a polar molecule, with a slightly positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and a slightly negative charge on the oxygen atom
    • Water has a high specific heat, meaning it can absorb and release a lot of heat energy without a large change in temperature
    • Water has a high heat of vaporization, meaning it requires a lot of energy to change from a liquid to a gas
    • Water is essential for many biological processes, including metabolism and temperature regulation

    Metabolism

    • Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
    • Catabolism and anabolism are both important parts of metabolism
    • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy currency of the body
    • Energy from the breakdown of nutrients is used to synthesize ATP

    Radioactivity

    • Radioactivity is the process by which unstable atomic nuclei release energy
    • Alpha, beta, and gamma radiation are all types of ionizing radiation
    • Ionizing radiation can cause damage to living tissues

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