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What was the primary focus of the swordsmanship developed by figures like Swetman and Silver?
What was the primary focus of the swordsmanship developed by figures like Swetman and Silver?
What significant development in golf occurred during the 17th century in Great Britain?
What significant development in golf occurred during the 17th century in Great Britain?
What significant event in golf course history took place in Muirfield, Scotland, in 1744?
What significant event in golf course history took place in Muirfield, Scotland, in 1744?
Which aspect of the evolution of golf in the 17th century involved local youths?
Which aspect of the evolution of golf in the 17th century involved local youths?
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What legend is associated with the choice of 18 holes for golf courses?
What legend is associated with the choice of 18 holes for golf courses?
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What was one of the key outcomes of the Baroque period?
What was one of the key outcomes of the Baroque period?
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Which major conflict significantly affected central Europe during the 17th century?
Which major conflict significantly affected central Europe during the 17th century?
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Who was a prominent figure of the Scientific Revolution during the Baroque period?
Who was a prominent figure of the Scientific Revolution during the Baroque period?
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What was one of the main critiques made by Martin Luther in his '95 Theses'?
What was one of the main critiques made by Martin Luther in his '95 Theses'?
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What characterized the social conditions of the Baroque period?
What characterized the social conditions of the Baroque period?
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What was a significant construction project during the reign of Louis XIV?
What was a significant construction project during the reign of Louis XIV?
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Which of the following was NOT a change called for by Martin Luther?
Which of the following was NOT a change called for by Martin Luther?
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Which of the following best describes the Scientific Revolution during the Baroque period?
Which of the following best describes the Scientific Revolution during the Baroque period?
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What is the primary objective of the game of curling?
What is the primary objective of the game of curling?
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Which material is traditionally used for making curling stones?
Which material is traditionally used for making curling stones?
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Which term refers to the Scottish verb meaning 'to turn', after which curling is named?
Which term refers to the Scottish verb meaning 'to turn', after which curling is named?
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During which historical period did billiards undergo significant refinement and rule documentation?
During which historical period did billiards undergo significant refinement and rule documentation?
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What physical activity do team members perform after launching a stone in curling?
What physical activity do team members perform after launching a stone in curling?
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What was a key feature of billiards tables introduced during Louis XIV's reign?
What was a key feature of billiards tables introduced during Louis XIV's reign?
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What was the main goal when playing the original billiards game with two balls?
What was the main goal when playing the original billiards game with two balls?
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Why did curling become popular in Scottish rural communities?
Why did curling become popular in Scottish rural communities?
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What was the primary objective of the game Pall-Mall?
What was the primary objective of the game Pall-Mall?
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Which of the following statements best describes the popularity of Pall-Mall?
Which of the following statements best describes the popularity of Pall-Mall?
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Which fencing style emerged in Italy during the 17th century?
Which fencing style emerged in Italy during the 17th century?
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What characterized the French fencing school that developed in the 17th century?
What characterized the French fencing school that developed in the 17th century?
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Which factor contributed to the decline of Pall-Mall in the 18th century?
Which factor contributed to the decline of Pall-Mall in the 18th century?
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Which fencing school is known for its continued use of two-handed techniques in the 17th century?
Which fencing school is known for its continued use of two-handed techniques in the 17th century?
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Who were notable masters associated with the Italian fencing school?
Who were notable masters associated with the Italian fencing school?
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What is the origin of the name 'Pall-Mall'?
What is the origin of the name 'Pall-Mall'?
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What was John Locke's view on the mind?
What was John Locke's view on the mind?
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How did Locke view the relationship between physical experiences and mental development?
How did Locke view the relationship between physical experiences and mental development?
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What was Descartes’ perspective on the essence of being?
What was Descartes’ perspective on the essence of being?
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What impact did Descartes' philosophy have on education?
What impact did Descartes' philosophy have on education?
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What did Locke reject in his advocacy for exercise?
What did Locke reject in his advocacy for exercise?
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What is a key concept associated with Thomas Hobbes?
What is a key concept associated with Thomas Hobbes?
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Which philosopher is known for the phrase 'I think, therefore I am'?
Which philosopher is known for the phrase 'I think, therefore I am'?
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What did Locke believe a good gentleman should balance?
What did Locke believe a good gentleman should balance?
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What philosophical belief is attributed to Hobbes regarding human beings?
What philosophical belief is attributed to Hobbes regarding human beings?
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What was the significance of the Cotswold Games established by Robert Dover?
What was the significance of the Cotswold Games established by Robert Dover?
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What types of competitions were featured in the Cotswold Games?
What types of competitions were featured in the Cotswold Games?
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Which concept relates to the idea that all events are guided by immutable laws?
Which concept relates to the idea that all events are guided by immutable laws?
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What primary activity did the followers of Hobbes use to improve individual behavior?
What primary activity did the followers of Hobbes use to improve individual behavior?
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Where did the Cotswold Games take place?
Where did the Cotswold Games take place?
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Which one of the following events was NOT part of the Cotswold Games?
Which one of the following events was NOT part of the Cotswold Games?
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Which tribes are recognized for originally playing lacrosse?
Which tribes are recognized for originally playing lacrosse?
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Study Notes
Baroque Period History of Sport
- The Baroque period was an artistic, cultural, and social period that emerged at the end of the 16th century and continued into the 17th century.
- It was a time of contrasts and social inequalities, but also of transformations and changes, laying some foundations for the modern world.
- Monarchical absolutism consolidated in countries like Spain and France, particularly under Louis XIV (1638-1715), as exemplified by the Palace of Versailles.
- Economic crises and social tensions, worsened by major conflicts like the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), impacted the period. This conflict was between Protestants and Catholics.
- The Scientific Revolution was a major counterpoint. Key figures like Galileo Galilei (heliocentric theory), Johannes Kepler (planetary orbits), and Isaac Newton (fundamental laws of physics) were significant advancements.
Reformation and Counter-Reformation
- The Protestant Reformation was a religious movement in the early 16th century, starting in 1517 with Martin Luther's "95 Theses."
- Luther criticized the sale of indulgences and called for changes in church doctrine. This included recognition of the Bible as the central religious source; elimination of intermediaries (e.g., Saints and Virgins); use of the vernacular language for religious services; emphasis on personal salvation achieved through faith and good works rather than purchasing pardons.
- The Counter-Reformation was the Catholic Church's response, culminating in the Council of Trent (1545-1563). It reaffirmed the importance of the Pope and other religious authorities and emphasized salvation through faith and works in life, establishing the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) to spread the faith through education and missionaries.
Division Between Catholic and Protestants
- A map is provided showing the geographic division between Catholic and Protestant territories in Europe in the 17th century.
Sport After the Reformation and Counter-Reformation
- Northern Europe (e.g., England, Holland, Germany): Promotion of sporting activities, betting, and development of organized sports, clubs, and rules
- Southern Europe (e.g., Spain, Italy, France, Portugal): Nobility prioritized other activities like dancing, hunting, and billiards over active sports; less focus on competitive events.
Characteristics of Sport in the Baroque
- Sport moved away from military training to a broader social and cultural role.
- The practice of sport reflected social hierarchies.
- Sports became linked to leisure activities and status.
Physical Education in the 17th Century
- The rise of scientific thought changed perspectives on human nature; viewing humans as inherently capable of improvement rather than innately evil.
- Education shifted towards incorporating more practical knowledge alongside traditional subjects
- There was a notable inclusion of women in education, albeit limited access.
Jan Amos Comenius
- A Czech theologian, crucial figure in educational thought.
- Promoted physical education as being a vital element of education for holistic development. He disagreed with Renaissance chivalric ideals, instead promoting physical education that focused on clarity of mind.
John Locke
- An English philosopher who contributed to political thought.
- Locke's ideas of the mind as a "blank slate" influenced education, acknowledging the importance of experiences in shaping the individual.
- Locke emphasized the importance of physical experiences in personal development.
René Descartes
- A French philosopher and mathematician.
- Descartes argued that the essence of being lies in the ability to think (I think therefore I am).
- His focus on the mind contrasted with other perspectives on the body, impacting how sport and physical education were viewed.
Thomas Hobbes
- An English philosopher who primarily focused on political philosophy.
- Hobbes viewed the universe following strict unchanging laws; denying free will.
Sporting Activities in the 17th Century
- Discusses specific sports like costwold games, lacrosse, and others.
Hurling
- A Gaelic sport originating in Ireland, with a history spanning over 3,000 years.
- It was played in a chaotic, irregular, and often violent manner.
- The modern version of Hurling is played with a sliotar (ball), hurley (stick), and a set of goals, with standardized rules.
Curling
- A Scottish sport with a history dating back at least to 1620, played on frozen ponds or ice.
- Initially using smooth river stones, the sport later adapted to using granite stones with handles.
- This sport became connected to winter agricultural activities and entertainment in Scotland.
Billiards
- Origin uncertain but potentially dating back to the reign of Louis XI (1461-1483), and developed during the reign of Louis XIV (1643-1715).
- Key refinements of the game include the introduction of rules, cloth, and cushions.
- The word "billiards" originated from the French word "billards".
Pall-Mall
- A popular game in England and France during the 17th century, similar to croquet.
- Played in open spaces (e.g. gardens).
- Used a wooden mallet and a ball to steer the ball through hoops, and was used by the nobility.
Fencing
- Fencing emerged as a formalized martial art.
- Different schools and masters arose, with variations in styles and techniques.
- Notably, Spanish schools of fencing (e.g. Verdadera Destreza by Sánchez de Carranza and Pacheco de Narváez) were influential
- Styles reflected ideas of the time, focusing on strength, impact, speed in attack and defense, and elegance
Golf
- Golf continued development in the 17th century; with development of some early courses
- There were winter events played in the Netherlands
- Golf courts were developed, and some courses still exist today in much the same form.
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Description
Explore the intricate developments of the Baroque period, focusing on the history of sport, culture, and society during this transformative era. Learn about the impact of monarchies, economic crises, and the Scientific Revolution, as well as major conflicts like the Thirty Years' War. This quiz will help deepen your understanding of the social inequalities and artistic expressions that defined the time.
