Banking and Finance Overview

Definition: Institutions that accept deposits, provide loans, and offer financial services.
Types of Banks:
- Commercial Banks: Offer services to the public and businesses (e.g., checking accounts, loans).
- Investment Banks: Facilitate capital raising through underwriting and advisory services.
- Central Banks: Manage a nation's currency, money supply, and interest rates (e.g., Federal Reserve, European Central Bank).
Functions of Banks:
- Accept Deposits: Safeguard customer funds.
- Provide Loans: Financing for individuals and businesses.
- Payment Services: Facilitate transactions and money transfers.
- Currency Exchange: Convert one currency into another.
Banking Regulations:
- Ensures stability and integrity of the financial system.
- Includes capital requirements, reserve requirements, and consumer protection laws.

Definition: The management, creation, and study of money and investments.
Branches of Finance:
- Personal Finance: Managing individual financial activities (budgeting, saving, investing).
- Corporate Finance: Financial activities related to running a corporation (capital structure, funding, investment decisions).
- Public Finance: Government revenue and expenditure management (taxation, budgeting).
Financial Markets:
- Capital Markets: Markets for long-term debt and equity (stocks, bonds).
- Money Markets: Markets for short-term funding (Treasury bills, commercial paper).
Investment Vehicles:
- Stocks: Ownership shares in a company.
- Bonds: Debt securities issued by corporations or governments.
- Mutual Funds: Pooled funds from multiple investors to purchase diversified portfolios.
Risk Management:
- Identification, assessment, and prioritization of financial risks.
- Techniques include diversification, hedging, and insurance.

Equity: Represents ownership in a company.
Debt: Money borrowed that must be repaid (e.g., loans, bonds).
Derivatives: Financial contracts deriving value from underlying assets (e.g., options, futures).

Interest Rates: Cost of borrowing money, typically expressed as a percentage.
Inflation: Rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services rises.
Credit: The ability to borrow money or access goods or services with the understanding of future payment.

Digital Banking: Online banks and fintech solutions offering banking services via mobile apps.
Cryptocurrency: Digital currencies (e.g., Bitcoin) that utilize blockchain technology.
Sustainable Finance: Investment focused on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria.

Institutions that accept deposits, provide loans, and deliver various financial services.
Commercial banks cater to the public and businesses with services like checking accounts and loans.
Investment banks focus on capital raising, underwriting, and offering advisory services.
Central banks regulate a nation's currency, control the money supply, and set interest rates (e.g., Federal Reserve, European Central Bank).
Banks safeguard customer funds by accepting deposits.
They provide loans, facilitating financing for individuals and businesses.
Payment services enable transactions and money transfers between parties.
Currency exchange services allow conversion of one currency to another.
Banking regulations maintain the financial system's stability and integrity, including capital and reserve requirements along with consumer protection laws.

Refers to the management, creation, and study of money and investments.
Personal finance involves managing individual financial activities such as budgeting, saving, and investing.
Corporate finance handles financial activities of corporations, including capital structure and investment decisions.
Public finance pertains to managing government revenue and expenditures, encompassing taxation and budgeting techniques.
Capital markets are dedicated to long-term debt and equity trading, such as stocks and bonds.
Money markets focus on short-term funding instruments, including Treasury bills and commercial paper.
Investment vehicles include stocks (ownership shares), bonds (debt securities), and mutual funds (pooled investment portfolios).
Risk management identifies, assesses, and prioritizes financial risks, utilizing methods like diversification, hedging, and insurance.

Equity signifies ownership in a company.
Debt represents borrowed money that requires repayment, applicable to loans and bonds.
Derivatives are contracts whose value is derived from underlying assets, such as options and futures.

Interest rates indicate the cost of borrowing money, often presented as a percentage.
Inflation reflects the rate at which overall prices for goods and services increase.
Credit is defined as the ability to borrow funds or access goods/services with an agreement for future repayment.

Digital banking encompasses online banking and fintech solutions, enhancing banking accessibility via mobile applications.
Cryptocurrency refers to digital currencies like Bitcoin that leverage blockchain technology for transactions.
Sustainable finance emphasizes investments that meet environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria, driving ethical investment strategies.