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Questions and Answers
Which dietary reference intake is specifically used to prevent deficiencies and ensure optimal health?
Which dietary reference intake is specifically used to prevent deficiencies and ensure optimal health?
What is the primary distinction between macronutrients and micronutrients?
What is the primary distinction between macronutrients and micronutrients?
Which dietary reference intake indicates the risk of adverse health effects as intake levels exceed it?
Which dietary reference intake indicates the risk of adverse health effects as intake levels exceed it?
How is the energy content of food typically expressed?
How is the energy content of food typically expressed?
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What does the Estimated Energy Requirement take into account?
What does the Estimated Energy Requirement take into account?
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Study Notes
Biochemistry and Nutrition (BAN 203) - Lecture 35: Principles of Nutrition (1)
- Specific Objectives: Students will understand dietary reference intakes (DRI) and explain how energy is used in the body.
Nutrients
- Nutrients are essential for body function
- Macronutrients: Needed in large amounts (fats, carbohydrates, protein) for optimal health and preventing chronic diseases.
- Micronutrients: Needed in less amounts (vitamins and minerals)
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
- Estimates of nutrient amounts required for preventing deficiencies and maintaining health and growth.
- Replaced and expanded upon the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
- Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)
- Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)
- Adequate Intakes (AI)
- Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL)
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
- Meets the nutrient needs of 50% of a population.
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
- Average daily intake sufficient for nearly all (97-98%) individuals in a given life stage and gender group.
Adequate Intake (AI)
- Based on estimates from apparently healthy individuals for estimates of adequate nutrient intake.
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
- Highest average daily intake with no risk of adverse effects to almost all individuals in a population.
- Intake above the UL may increase risk of adverse effects
- Intakes between the UL and RDA pose no risk.
Energy Requirements in Humans
- Estimated Energy Requirement (EER): Average daily energy intake predicted to maintain energy balance (calories consumed = calories expended) in healthy adults of a defined age, gender, height, weight, & level of physical activity.
Energy Content of Food
- Calculated from heat released by total food combustion in a calorimeter.
- Expressed in kilocalories (kcal or Cal).
- One calorie is equivalent to 4.2 joules.
How Energy is Used in the Body
- Energy generated by macronutrient metabolism is utilized for three processes:
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- Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR): Energy expended in resting & post-absorptive states. Represents energy required for normal body functions (respiration, blood flow, ion transport, and maintaining cellular integrity). It accounts for 50-70% of daily energy expenditure in sedentary individuals.
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- Thermic Effect of Food (TEF): Increase in heat production by 30% above resting level due to food digestion & absorption.
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- Physical Activity: Muscular activity that causes the greatest variation in energy expenditure. Sedentary individuals need about 30-50% more than the RMR for energy balance, while active individuals may require 100% or more above the RMR.
Reference Book:
- Biochemistry by Champe, Harvey, & Ferrier, 5th or 6th edition. (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews)
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Description
In this lecture, we will explore the principles of nutrition, focusing on dietary reference intakes (DRI) and the role of macronutrients and micronutrients in health. Learn how energy is used in the body and the significance of different nutrient recommendations for preventing deficiencies.
