Med Term Chapter 11 Part 2

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)?

Mounting adaptive immune responses to inhaled pathogens (correct)

Producing mucus to trap airborne particles

Supporting the structure of bronchi and arteries

Facilitating blood circulation in the lungs

Peyer’s patches are crucial for immune responses mainly against which type of substances?

Transmitted pathogens through blood

Chemical irritants

Ingested substances (correct)

Inhaled pathogens

In what order does the immune response typically proceed during a primary infection?

Pathogen growth, adaptive response, innate response

Innate response, adaptive response, pathogen clearance (correct)

Adaptive response, innate response, pathogen growth

Innate response, pathogen growth, adaptive response

Which statement is correct regarding mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?

It consists of dome-shaped structures underlying mucous membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of specialized cells within Peyer’s patches?

Sampling intestinal lumen material for immune response Signup and view all the answers

What does the modern model of immune function highlight as essential to its organization?

Complex interactions and communication among cells and proteins Signup and view all the answers

During the first few days of a primary infection, which immune response dominates the fight against the pathogen?

Innate immune response Signup and view all the answers

How does the adaptive immune response compare to the innate immune response in terms of speed and effectiveness?

Slower but more specific and effective than the innate response Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of leukotrienes in the immune response?

They attract neutrophils through chemotaxis. Signup and view all the answers

What causes the pain associated with inflammation?

Prostaglandins causing vasodilation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes a primary adaptive immune response?

It is always weaker than the secondary response. Signup and view all the answers

How do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs relieve pain during inflammation?

By inhibiting prostaglandin production. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of immunological memory?

It allows for rapid and efficient responses to previously encountered pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes self-antigens from foreign antigens?

Self-antigens are normally present in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of IgG antibodies?

They protect the developing fetus by crossing the placenta. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of chronic inflammation, what is likely to occur?

Severe tissue destruction and fibrosis. Signup and view all the answers

What role does IgA play in the protection of newborns?

It is present in colostrum and helps protect infants. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of T cell is primarily responsible for inducing apoptosis in infected cells?

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Helper T cells in the immune response?

Releasing cytokines to assist other immune cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Memory cells in the immune system?

To quickly mount an immune response upon re-exposure to a pathogen. Signup and view all the answers

What type of T cell regulates the immune response to prevent excessive cell proliferation?

Suppressor T cells Signup and view all the answers

During a secondary immune response, what is primarily produced by memory B cells?

Plasma cells Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes IgE from IgA in terms of its function?

IgE is involved in allergic reactions, whereas IgA provides mucosal immunity. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the method by which Cytotoxic T cells eliminate virally infected cells?

Using apoptosis to stop viral replication. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of neutrophils in the immune response?

To serve as military reinforcements in fighting infections Signup and view all the answers

How do interferons protect surrounding cells during a viral infection?

By inducing antiviral proteins in adjacent cells Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the inflammatory response?

It involves localized vasodilation and increased blood flow Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between cytokines and chemokines?

Cytokines communicate with cells, while chemokines attract cells chemically Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of inflammation?

Hypertrophy Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the release of histamine during the inflammatory response?

Cellular injury and the release of damaged contents Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell can differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells?

Monocyte Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Natural Killer (NK) cells?

To induce cell apoptosis in infected or abnormal cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of barrier defenses in the immune system?

To prevent pathogens from entering the body Signup and view all the answers

During an infection, what type of immune response occurs first?

Innate immune response Signup and view all the answers

What role do phagocytes play in the immune response?

They engulf and digest pathogens and debris Signup and view all the answers

How do barrier defenses contribute to the function of the immune system?

By continuously protecting against pathogen entry Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the innate immune response compared to the adaptive immune response?

Innate responses can cooperate with adaptive responses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes macrophages in the immune system?

They serve as a link between innate and adaptive immune responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lysozyme in the oral cavity?

To destroy bacteria present in food Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about seroconversion is accurate?

It reflects changes in antibody presence Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) and Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

BALT consists of lymphoid follicles situated at bronchial bifurcations and between bronchi and arteries, effective against inhaled pathogens.
MALT aggregates lymphoid follicles with mucous membranes, located in various tissues such as the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and eyes.
Peyer's patches, a type of MALT found in the small intestine, are crucial for immune response to ingested substances and contain specialized antigen-sampling cells.

Immune System Organization

The immune system is composed of barriers, cells, and proteins interacting through complex communication.
Functions through a three-phase immune response aimed at eliminating pathogens:
- Pathogen multiplication occurs after bypassing barrier defenses.
- Innate immune response partially controls pathogen growth within the first few days.
- The adaptive immune response develops specifically to clear the pathogen, termed seroconversion, but doesn’t guarantee patient recovery.

Barrier Defenses

Barrier defenses prevent pathogen entry and include:
- Skin: Keratinized cells and low pH inhibit bacterial growth.
- Oral Cavity: Lysozyme in saliva destroys bacteria.
- Stomach: Highly acidic environment kills many pathogens.
- Mucosal surfaces trap microbes and debris for removal.

Innate Immune Response

Innate responses occur rapidly but lack specificity compared to adaptive responses and help control infections early on.
Critical phagocytic cells include macrophages and neutrophils that engulf pathogens and debris.
Innate immune response employs multiple antibacterial proteins and interferons to protect cells from viruses.

Phagocytes and Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Macrophages act as first responders and are found throughout tissues, while neutrophils migrate quickly to infection sites.
NK cells induce apoptosis in virus-infected cells, preventing further infection spread.

Soluble Mediators

Cytokines facilitate short-range cell communication and can change physiological characteristics; chemokines attract cells over longer distances.
Early induced proteins, such as interferons, are produced during initial immune responses to help protect surrounding cells.

Inflammatory Response

Inflammation is characterized by heat, redness, pain, and swelling; it signals the presence of tissue damage and initiates healing.
Chemicals released from injured cells increase blood flow and capillary permeability, drawing phagocytes to the area and facilitating debris clearance.

Adaptive Immune Response

The adaptive immune response is characterized by specificity, immunological memory, and self-recognition.
B cells produce antibodies in response to antigens, fostering immunity through plasma cells and memory cells.
T cells differentiate into various types:
- Cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells.
- Helper T cells assist in regulating other immune cells.
- Suppressor T cells regulate the immune response to prevent overactivity.

Antibody Classes

Five antibody classes (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD) perform different functions:
- IgM: Effective against bacteria early in the immune response.
- IgG: Provides immunity to the fetus and fights extracellular pathogens.
- IgA: Protects mucosal surfaces and is present in breast milk.
- IgE: Associated with allergic responses.

Memory Cells

Memory cells (B and T cells) arise from primary exposure to a pathogen, enabling a quicker and stronger response upon re-exposure, contributing to long-lasting immunity.

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Description

Explore the functions and structures of Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) and Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). This quiz delves into their roles in the immune response against inhaled pathogens and their anatomical locations. Assess your knowledge on these important components of the lymphatic system.