Bacteriophage Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of organism does a bacteriophage attack and reproduce inside?

  • Bacteria (correct)
  • Fungi
  • Humans
  • Plants

    • Who gets viral infections from bacteriophages?

  • Animals
  • Bacteria (correct)
  • Plants
  • Humans

    • Can humans get viral infections from bacteriophages?

  • It depends on the type of bacteriophage
  • No, only bacteria do (correct)
  • Yes, humans can get viral infections from bacteriophages
  • No, but animals can get viral infections from bacteriophages

    • What does a bacteriophage do during transduction?

    <p>Picks up bacterial genes and injects them into another bacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a bacteriophage act during transduction?

    <p>As a carrier for bacterial DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a bacteriophage in transduction?

    <p>Acting as a vehicle for bacterial DNA transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for transduction to occur?

    <p>Donor and recipient bacteria, and a bacteriophage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genes does the bacteriophage have during transduction?

    <p>Genes from the previous bacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the recipient bacteria during transduction?

    <p>They take up the 'new' DNA as their own DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the donor bacterium in transduction?

    <p>It is completely lysed and killed by the bacteriophage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the recipient bacterium during transduction?

    <p>It receives genetic material from the donor bacterium via the bacteriophage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main components of a bacteriophage's structure?

    <p>Protein shell and genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do viruses play in the ecology of Earth?

    <p>AB&amp;C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant function of viruses in genetic transfer?

    <p>They move DNA between species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do viruses impact populations of organisms?

    <p>They regulate vast populations of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for viruses to enter cells?

    <p>Receptor molecule or molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary requirement for viruses to infect cells?

    <p>Presence of compatible receptor sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do viruses need in order to get into cells?

    <p>Receptor molecules that latch on to cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Mayer conclude is the cause of TMD?

    <p>A tiny infectious agent that cannot be seen with a microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the infectious agent according to Mayer's work?

    <p>can't be seen under a microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Mayer's work suggest about the size of the infectious agent?

    <p>It is too small to be seen with a microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Mayer make a list of to investigate the tobacco problem?

    <p>Possible trouble-makers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was included in Mayer's list of possible trouble-makers?

    <p>Environmental soil conditions and pests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Mayer suspect could be causing the tobacco problem?

    <p>Fungi and worms (all the above)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened when Koch isolated bacteria on agar and injected it back into the cow?

    <p>The cow died</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome when Mayer isolated plant bacteria on agar and put it on healthy plants?

    <p>The healthy plants lived</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of injecting bacteria isolated by Mayer back into healthy plants?

    <p>The healthy plants lived</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome when Mayer put the TMD plant sap on healthy plants?

    <p>The healthy plants died</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome when Koch put infected cow blood into healthy cows?

    <p>The healthy cows died</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one similarity between Mayer's and Koch's experiments?

    <p>Both resulted in the death of healthy organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent for tobacco mosaic disease?

    <p>Tobacco Mosaic Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of organism is the causative agent for tobacco mosaic disease?

    <p>Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific causative agent for tobacco mosaic disease?

    <p>Tobacco Mosaic Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if TMD was caused by bacteria and alcohol was added to the sap?

    <p>The bacteria would be killed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect would desiccating the bacteria have if TMD was caused by bacteria?

    <p>The bacteria would be killed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would boiling the sap do if TMD was caused by bacteria?

    <p>The bacteria would be killed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Beijerinck conclude after his experiments failed to prevent the plant from TMD?

    <p>That Mayer was right the causative agent must be a virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Beijerinck's experiments fail to prevent the plant from?

    <p>Tobacco mosaic disease (TMD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary causative agent of osteomyelitis?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the infected bone in osteomyelitis?

    <p>It is a bone infection mostly caused by S. aureus and infected bone will de attach from healthy bone and form pockets of dead bone surrounded by dead tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it hard to treat Osteomyelitis?

    <p>The body walls off the infected bone, making it difficult for antibiotics to reach the site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the DTaP vaccine protect against?

    <p>Diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the DTaP vaccine intended for?

    <p>Children younger than 7 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pathogens are included in the DTaP vaccine?

    <p>Attenuated toxins and weakened pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of attenuation?

    <p>To weaken the pathogen so that it doesn’t cause disease but can still elicit antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the desired strength of an attenuated pathogen?

    <p>Strong enough to elicit antibody production but weak enough to not cause disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of whooping cough?

    <p>Bordetella pertussis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the bacterium Bordetella pertussis primarily spread?

    <p>By inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacterium is Bordetella pertussis?

    <p>Gram-negative rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Bordetella pertussis release that paralyzes the cilia?

    <p>Exotoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does Bordetella pertussis release its cytotracheal toxin?

    <p>Once quorum sensing has been met</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of toxin is released by Bordetella pertussis?

    <p>Cytotracheal toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the efflux pump protein in antibiotic resistance?

    <p>It pumps antibiotics out of the bacterial cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are plasmid genes related to antibiotic resistance?

    <p>They can code for efflux pump proteins that pump antibiotics out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the efflux pump protein shown in the cell diagram reside?

    <p>Near the inner membrane of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the efflux pump protein in antibiotic resistance?

    <p>It helps bacteria become resistant to certain antibiotics by pumping the antibiotics out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are plasmid genes related to antibiotic resistance?

    <p>They can code for proteins that confer antibiotic resistance and can be passed to new bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the efflux pump protein reside in the cell?

    <p>Cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the new cell wall protein in the bacterium?

    <p>To help strengthen the cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the bacterium as a result of the new cell wall protein?

    <p>It becomes impermeable to certain antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important point to note about the new cell wall protein and antibiotic resistance?

    <p>The new cell wall protein has other purposes than antibiotic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antibiotics that affect bacterial ribosome affect the bacteria ?

    <p>By shutting down ribosomes and halting protein production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to bacterial resistance to antibiotics targeting ribosomes?

    <p>Gene transfer resulting in slightly different-shaped ribosomal proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if antibiotics can no longer attach firmly to the ribosomes of a bacterium?

    <p>The ribosomes are not affected, and the bacterium becomes resistant to that antibiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)?

    <p>Acquisition of a gene coding for the enzyme methicillinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the enzyme penicillinase in Staphylococcus aureus?

    <p>It breaks down penicillin, conferring resistance to penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'destruction' refer to in the context of antibiotic resistance?

    <p>The breakdown of antibiotic molecules by bacterial enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gene that codes for an enzyme responsible for breaking down the beta-lactam ring in penicillin called? acquired through conjugation

    <p>Beta-lactamase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe Staph aureus that is resistant to methicillin?

    <p>MRSA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of wild type Staph aureus in relation to penicillin?

    <p>Very sensitive to penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of plasmids?

    <p>Circular DNA separate from the main chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essential nature of plasmids for an organism's life?

    <p>Non-essential, can be removed without affecting the organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are plasmids located within the cell?

    <p>Extrachromosomal, outside of the main chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the small and functional snippets of DNA called, discovered in 1959?

    <p>Plasmids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the genes transferred during bacterial conjugation located?

    <p>Small pieces of circular DNA in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When bacterial conjugation was first studied, the question was, “how does a donor bacterium just give up some of its genes to a recipient?” The donor bacterium does not die, so why would it give something up so important, what was discovered?

    <p>The transferred genes were not part of the large circular bacterial chromosome's DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process through which bacteria exchange small pieces of DNA through short 'tubes' or a much longer tube?

    <p>Conjugation ( see this in the wild more)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the donor bacterium during conjugation?

    <p>It does not die</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the short 'tubes' called through which bacteria exchange DNA during conjugation ( see this in the wild more)?

    <p>Mating bridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of DNA replication during conjugation?

    <p>Rolling-circle mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the plasmids in both bacteria during conjugation?

    <p>They replicate quickly to become identical in both bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA transfer occur during conjugation?

    <p>Through the formation of a conjugation tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor influencing the development of new strains and antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Horizontal gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does horizontal gene transfer contribute to antibiotic resistance in bacteria?

    <p>Facilitates exchange of antibiotic resistance genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for bacterial transformation to occur?

    <p>Two closely related bacteria, one acting as the donor and the other as the recipient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of bacterial transformation ( more in lab enivornment)?

    <p>It doesn't always make the bacteria pathogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was significant about Griffith's case?

    <p>It demonstrated an exception where transformation made the bacteria pathogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the donor bacterium during transformation (more in lab environment)?

    <p>The donor dies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is DNA transferred during bacterial transformation?

    <p>DNA fragments bind to the recipient bacterium's DNA binding protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the recipient bacterium during transformation?

    <p>It remains unaffected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common occurrence in bacteria involving the acquisition of new genes?

    <p>Horizontal gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a bacterium pass on its genetic material to daughter cells?

    <p>Vertical gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the regular parent cell passing on its genetic material to the daughter cells?

    <p>Vertical gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method through which our cells transfer genes?

    <p>Vertical gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process through which bacteria exchange small pieces of DNA through short 'tubes' or a much longer tube?

    <p>Transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essential nature of plasmids for an organism's life?

    <p>They are non-essential but beneficial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic material that codes for proteins?

    <p>DNA contains genes which.....</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are genes made of?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In public health decisions, what does the 'vertical approach' refer to?

    <p>Targeting specific diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the 'horizontal system' in public health decisions?

    <p>Supporting treatment and prevention for all health needs A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration in public health decisions?

    <p>Balancing vertical and horizontal approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key factors involved in public health decisions?

    <p>Money, communication infrastructure, and management needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the NTD horizontal approach not funded?

    <p>It is very expensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is malaria not considered 'neglected' despite being a tropical disease?

    <p>It receives a significant amount of funding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing factor that prevents malaria from being classified as a 'neglected' disease?

    <p>High investment in research and control measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the non-neglected status of malaria despite being a tropical disease?

    <p>Considerable monetary allocation for addressing the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of illness among the poorest people in the LAC region?

    <p>Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do two-thirds of the region's poor live, contributing to the prevalence of NTDs?

    <p>Urban and suburban communities with unsafe water and poor sanitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common situation faced by those living in rural poverty in the LAC region?

    <p>Living as subsistence farmers, ranchers, and fishermen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) mentioned in the text?

    <p>High disease burden, but low mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor contributing to the prevalence of NTDs, as per the text?

    <p>Rural poverty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of leprosy, based on the text?

    <p>Causative agent is Mycobacterium leprae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of the diseases mentioned in the text?

    <p>1 in 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the mentioned diseases regarding mortality?

    <p>High disease burden with low mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of patients with the mentioned diseases?

    <p>Many patients have more than one NTD (chronic and for life)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diseases does the MMR vaccine target?

    <p>Mumps, measles, rubella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many diseases does the MMR vaccine target?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required after receiving the MMR vaccine?

    <p>Booster shots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diseases does the MMR vaccine target?

    <p>Measles, Mumps, Rubella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the three diseases targeted by the MMR vaccine primarily spread?

    <p>Through inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is referred to as 'hard measles' in the text?

    <p>Rubella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of measles infections on unvaccinated children, based on the studies?

    <p>Measles infections wipe out immune memories of other pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk do unvaccinated children face due to measles infections, according to the text?

    <p>Increased risk of other deadly diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall impact of measles infections on the immune system of unvaccinated children?

    <p>Weakening of the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can the mumps virus be found even after recovery?

    <p>Testes of males and ovaries of females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vaccinations developed because the mumps virus has been found in the ... ?

    <p>Testes of males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of Rubella?

    <p>Rubella virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is known as 'German measles'?

    <p>Rubella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for Rubeola virus?

    <p>Hard measles virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why would you need a vaccine for hard measles?

    <p>To prevent encephalitis, blindness, hearing loss, and cognitive problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why would you need a vaccine for rubella or German measles?

    <p>To prevent birth defects as it can cross through the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean for rubella to be a teratogen?

    <p>It can cross the placenta and cause birth defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is virulence in the context of infectious organisms?

    <p>The ability to infect the host and cause disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dysentery?

    <p>Inflammation/infection of the intestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of dysentery?

    <p>Bloody diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body system does dysentery primarily affect?

    <p>Digestive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did d’Herelle notice while working with dysentery patients near Paris in 1915?

    <p>Not all patients with dysentery died</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did d’Herelle and his associates collect from dysentery patients while working in the hospital?

    <p>Stool samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was d’Herelle searching for while working with dysentery patients near Paris in 1915?

    <p>A dysentery vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does d’Herelle speculate about recovered patients from dysentery?

    <p>They may have a protective substance in their intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of d’Herelle's inquiry regarding recovered dysentery patients?

    <p>The presence of a protective substance in their intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does d’Herelle wonder if recovered dysentery patients have in their intestines?

    <p>A protective substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did d’Herelle obtain from dysentery patients' stools and mix with Shigella dysenteriae bacteria?

    <p>Filtered fluid labeled as 'fluid from recoverees' or 'fluid from deceased dysentery patients'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the plates from the survivors and the deceased dysentery patients?

    <p>Survivors had plaques on the Petri dish, but the deceased did not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was d’Herelle pondering while working with the 'filtered fluid' obtained from dysentery patients' stools?

    <p>Whether there is something in the intestines of patients helping them overcome dysentery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the circular clear areas within the lawn of bacteria called?

    <p>Plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From what does each plaque arise?

    <p>Viruses infecting a single bacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the bacterium lyses within a plaque?

    <p>New viruses are released and neighboring bacteria are infected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did D’Herelle believe the areas where bacteria had been killed by 'something' to be?

    <p>Bacteriophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did D’Herelle suspect these areas to be in relation to bacteria?

    <p>Areas where the bacteria have been killed by bacteriophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did D’Herelle believe were present in the areas where bacteria had been killed by 'something'?

    <p>Bacteriophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who suggested the use of filtrate treatment for people affected with dysentery?

    <p>Félix d'Hérelle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first bacteriophage therapy used for?

    <p>Treating dysentery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of bacteriophage therapy?

    <p>To target and destroy specific bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the headquarters of the Centers for Disease Control located?

    <p>Atlanta, Georgia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for choosing Atlanta, Georgia as the location for the CDC headquarters?

    <p>To address malaria in the southern United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is remarkable about the Hepatitis B virus mentioned in the text?

    <p>It is a human pathogen with only four genes but is one of the world’s most deadly pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of the Hepatitis B virus on humans?

    <p>It causes over one million deaths each year from associated liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes the Hepatitis B virus amazing, according to the text?

    <p>Its ability to cause significant harm with minimal genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Hepatitis A primarily transmitted?

    <p>Through contaminated food and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of transmission for Hepatitis B?

    <p>Through blood transfusion and needle stick injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Hepatitis C mainly spread?

    <p>Through blood transfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is a teratogen, capable of causing birth defects?

    <p>Rubella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a teratogen?

    <p>It causes birth defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is described as the biggest teratogen?

    <p>Alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the 1964-1965 rubella epidemic in the U.S.?

    <p>12.5 million people. contracted Rubella in the U.S. 11,000 pregnant women lost their babies through miscarriages linked to rubella infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the initial skepticism of doctors and scientists regarding rubella infections?

    <p>Infectious agents could not cross the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence of the skepticism regarding rubella infections?

    <p>Delayed the development of a vaccine against rubella virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)?

    <p>Cataracts, blindness, deafness, heart defects, and cognitive disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the impact of the MMR vaccine on CRS?

    <p>Drastically reduced the disease and exposure to pregnant women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current status of CRS globally?

    <p>Not eliminated, still present in parts of the world with MMR vaccine shortages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease has a lower virulence compared to rubeola?

    <p>Rubella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common name for rubeola?

    <p>Hard measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is considered 'hard measles'?

    <p>Rubeola</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the impaired immunological memories of previously encountered pathogens in children who recover from measles?

    <p>Immune amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells does the rubeola virus attach to, leading to a potential loss of antibody memory?

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the number of deaths caused by other infectious agents increasing in children who recover from measles?

    <p>Loss of antibody repertoire between 11-73%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an immunocompromised site in the human body?

    <p>CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an immunocompromised site?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following areas is mentioned as an immunocompromised site in the text?

    <p>Ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment did Isabelle Carnell-Holdaway receive to control the Mycobacterium infection?

    <p>Phage infusions and daily swabs of phage cocktail on her skin lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What positive outcome was observed after six weeks of phage treatment for Carnell-Holdaway?

    <p>Reduction of infection in the liver and improvement in liver function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential future role of bacteriophages in medical treatment?

    <p>Part of a patient’s standard treatment of care for antibiotic-resistant bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the initial perception of using bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections?

    <p>Seemed 'icky' similar to fecal transplants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic condition did Isabelle Carnell-Holdaway have?

    <p>Cystic fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the cause of the infection that spread throughout Isabelle Carnell-Holdaway's body? Received double lung transplant and infection spread throughout whole body.

    <p>Mycobacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why weren't there any antibiotics that could treat the Mycobacterium infection?

    <p>It was resistant to available antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do vaccines work?

    <p>By leveraging the adaptive immunity (third line of defense)to produce antibodies against foreign microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of adaptive immunity in response to vaccines?

    <p>Recognize foreign microbes and produce antibodies against them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key advantage of vaccines leveraging adaptive immunity?

    <p>Ability to provide long-term protection against specific pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of the body's second line of defense?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of interferons in the immune response?

    <p>Inhibiting viral replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where would specialized T and B cells belong in our body's defense?

    <p>Third line of defense, adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity involves specialized T and B cells?

    <p>Adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?

    <p>Adaptive immunity has memory and is pathogen-specific, while innate immunity does not have memory and is non-specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of IgA antibodies?

    <p>Protect against inhaled &amp; ingested pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many receptor sites does the largest antibody, IgM, have?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody can be overproduced with allergies and binds to mast cells in the skin & mucous membrane, releasing histamine?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of IgA antibodies?

    <p>Protect against inhaled &amp; ingested pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody can be overproduced with allergies?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many receptor sites does IgM antibody have?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are antigens?

    <p>Foreign substances that elicit an immune response with antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antigens in the immune system?

    <p>To trigger an immune response with antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are antigens defined?

    <p>Foreign substances that elicit an immune response with antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of antigen-antibody interaction, what is the term for the specific region on the antigen that the antibody binds to?

    <p>Epitope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an antigen?

    <p>A foreign substance that elicits an immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are epitopes?

    <p>Molecules on the antigen that antibodies attach to</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Pasteur learn about bacteria and vaccines?

    <p>Bacteria can be weakened through prolonged growth and exposure to oxygen to create non-virulent vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of Pasteur's vaccine on healthy chickens?

    <p>The chicken cholera outbreak subsided</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Pasteur's primary concern regarding his vaccine procedure?

    <p>The result in creating a vaccine that could protect healthy chickens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome when Pasteur challenged the protected chickens with fresh cultures of P. multocida?

    <p>The chickens remained unaffected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the fate of the healthy chickens that were not injected with the old culture of bacteria?

    <p>They died when exposed to fresh P. multocida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Pasteur observe about the broth of bacteria that had been sitting around for weeks?

    <p>It seemed to provide protection for the chickens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent for Chicken Cholera?

    <p>Pasteurella multocida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is responsible for causing Chicken Cholera?

    <p>Pasteurella multocida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease is Pasteurella multocida the causative agent for?

    <p>Chicken Cholera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of viral nucleic acid and capsid protein production called?

    <p>Biosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens after maturation, where do the viruses go?

    <p>Onto new cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial step of a virus entering a host cell?

    <p>Attachment to binding sites on the host cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of viral nucleic acid and capsid protein production called?

    <p>Maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial step in the penetration of virus into a host cell?

    <p>Attachment to the host cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of viral or host enzymes in the penetration of virus into a host cell?

    <p>Facilitate uncoating of the virus-----&gt; biosynthesis------&gt; maturation------&gt;release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do enveloped viruses 'wrap' themselves with host molecules?

    <p>To hide from the host's immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of enveloped viruses taking some of the host cell's membrane with them when budding out?

    <p>They are able to 'hide' themselves from the host's immune attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of prophylaxis vaccines?

    <p>To protect against further exposure to the pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the post-exposure Rabies vaccine work?

    <p>It protects even if the rabies virus is present in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protective effect of the Rabies vaccine post exposure?

    <p>It protects if the virus has not reached the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of live, attenuated vaccines?

    <p>slight chance of back mutation to infectious form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of live, attenuated vaccines?

    <p>They trigger a strong immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease can be prevented by the Sabin vaccine administered via a sugar cube?

    <p>Polio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period does the number of microbes reach its highest and most severe signs and symptoms are observed?

    <p>Period of illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the period of covalence?

    <p>Number of microbes goes to zero and signs and symptoms go away</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the mild signs and symptoms with a slight elevated number of microbes occur?

    <p>Prodrimal period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shortest possible incubation period for rabies if bitten near the head?

    <p>5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long might it take for the rabies virus to move up to the brain if bitten on the hand or foot?

    <p>2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the longest possible incubation period for rabies if bitten on the hand or foot?

    <p>2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many deaths result from 1 case of rabies?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fatality rate for rabies based on 1 case?

    <p>100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If there are 5 cases of rabies, how many deaths are expected?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of any mammal that gets rabies?

    <p>They will die</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome for a mammal infected with rabies?

    <p>Death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence for any mammal that contracts rabies?

    <p>They will not survive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is rabies primarily transmitted to humans?

    <p>Through animal bites or scratches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of disease is rabies considered?

    <p>Zoonotic disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of the rabies virus in transmission to humans?

    <p>Animal saliva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of killed vaccines?

    <p>They can't back mutate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine type requires booster shots to elicit a stronger immune response?

    <p>Killed vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine is an example of a killed vaccine?

    <p>Salk polio vaccine (shot)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the receptor on muscle cells that the rabies virus attaches to?

    <p>Nicotine acetylcholine receptors (nAchR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules on the neuron surface does the rabies virus attach to for penetration into the neuron cells?

    <p>Neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the rabies virus hidden from the host's immune system once it penetrates the neuron cells?

    <p>Neurons and CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the first person to receive Pasteur's rabies vaccine?

    <p>Joseph Meister</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often were the vaccine injections administered to Joseph Meister?

    <p>Once every 14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Joseph Meister's treatment with Pasteur's vaccine?

    <p>He survived without a rabies infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Pasteur find by removing the spinal cords from rabid rabbits and drying them out?

    <p>It weakened the virulence of the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the process of removing the spinal cords from rabid rabbits and drying them out on the host's immune system?

    <p>It weakened the rabies virus The host's immune system recognized the pathogen and made antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the rabies virus replicate in the host's body?

    <p>Muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final stage of rabies progression in the host?

    <p>Infection of brain neurons leading to encephalitis host becomes agitated, has trouble walking, and quickly succumbs to a coma, and then dies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the rabies virus travel within the host's body?

    <p>Through axons in peripheral nerves via axonal transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who showed that the cause of poliomyelitis could be transmitted to monkeys?

    <p>Karl Landsteiner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did Landsteiner go to continue his experiments on poliomyelitis?

    <p>Pasteur Institute in Paris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did people know about polio after Landsteiner's work?

    <p>What caused polio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many receptor sites does the Polio CD155 receptor molecule have?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Polio CD155 receptor molecule attach to cells?

    <p>Throat, intestinal wall, and motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many sites does the Polio CD155 receptor molecule have for attachment?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary impact of bulbar polio with brain stem involvement?

    <p>Impaired swallowing and breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic group is especially at risk of high mortality from bulbar polio?

    <p>Adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate like for bulbar polio with brain stem involvement?

    <p>High</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of the problem described in the text?

    <p>Overuse and societal pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the described problem?

    <p>Motor neuron body disintegration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of the problem described in the text?

    <p>Degenerative condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons does the polio virus primarily attack?

    <p>Motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of paralysis due to polio infection?

    <p>Attack on motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve fibers does the polio virus affect in the body?

    <p>Only motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many genes does the Enterovirus have?

    <p>12 genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types or strains of Enterovirus are there?

    <p>I, II, and III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How stable is the Enterovirus outside of the body?

    <p>It remains infectious for a long time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bacteriophage Characteristics

    • A bacteriophage attacks and reproduces inside bacteria.
    • Bacteriophages do not cause viral infections in humans.

    Transduction Process

    • During transduction, a bacteriophage introduces bacterial genes into another bacterium.
    • The bacteriophage acts as a vector, carrying genes from one bacterium to another.
    • The role of a bacteriophage in transduction is to transfer genetic material between bacteria.
    • For transduction to occur, bacterial DNA must be incorporated into the bacteriophage genome.
    • The bacteriophage has genes that allow it to integrate into the host bacterium.
    • The recipient bacterium receives genetic material from the donor bacterium through the bacteriophage.
    • The donor bacterium is not affected during transduction.
    • The fate of the recipient bacterium is to receive new genetic material.

    Bacteriophage Structure

    • The main components of a bacteriophage's structure are the head, tail, and genetic material.

    Viral Ecology and Genetic Transfer

    • Viruses play a crucial role in the ecology of Earth, influencing population dynamics and genetic transfer.
    • A significant function of viruses is to facilitate genetic transfer between organisms.
    • Viruses impact populations by infecting and altering the behavior of organisms.

    Virus Infection

    • For viruses to enter cells, they require specific receptors on the host cell surface.
    • The primary requirement for viruses to infect cells is the presence of these receptors.

    Tobacco Mosaic Disease (TMD)

    • TMD is caused by a virus, not bacteria.
    • The causative agent of TMD is a type of virus that infects plants.
    • Mayer concluded that TMD is caused by a filterable agent, not bacteria.
    • The infectious agent is small enough to pass through a filter.

    Koch's Postulates

    • Koch's postulates are a set of criteria used to determine the causative agent of a disease.
    • In Koch's experiments, injecting bacteria into healthy cows resulted in disease.
    • Mayer's experiments with plant bacteria and healthy plants yielded similar results.

    Osteomyelitis

    • The primary causative agent of osteomyelitis is bacteria.
    • Infected bone in osteomyelitis becomes necrotic and difficult to treat.
    • Osteomyelitis is challenging to treat due to the difficulty of reaching the infected bone.

    DTaP Vaccine

    • The DTaP vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis.
    • The vaccine is intended for children and individuals who have not previously received the vaccine.
    • The DTaP vaccine includes pathogens that cause these diseases.

    Attenuation and Antibiotic Resistance

    • The primary purpose of attenuation is to weaken a pathogen, making it unable to cause disease.
    • The desired strength of an attenuated pathogen is weakened but still able to stimulate an immune response.
    • Attenuation can contribute to antibiotic resistance.

    Bordetella pertussis and Whooping Cough

    • Whooping cough is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis.
    • The bacterium is primarily spread through respiratory droplets.
    • Bordetella pertussis releases a cytotracheal toxin that paralyzes the cilia in the respiratory tract.
    • The bacterium releases its toxin during the catarrhal stage of the disease.

    Antibiotic Resistance

    • The efflux pump protein plays a crucial role in antibiotic resistance by pumping antibiotics out of the cell.
    • Plasmid genes are related to antibiotic resistance, as they can carry genes that confer resistance.
    • The efflux pump protein resides in the cell membrane.
    • Antibiotics that target bacterial ribosomes can lead to resistance if the bacteria develop mutations that prevent the antibiotic from binding.
    • The primary cause of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is the acquisition of the mecA gene.
    • The enzyme penicillinase breaks down the beta-lactam ring in penicillin, making it ineffective.

    Genetic Transfer and Plasmids

    • Plasmids are small, self-replicating circular DNA molecules that can transfer genetic material between bacteria.
    • The primary characteristic of plasmids is their ability to replicate independently of the host chromosome.
    • Plasmids are located in the cytoplasm of bacteria.
    • Genetic transfer through conjugation, transformation, and transduction plays a crucial role in the development of new strains and antibiotic resistance.

    Conjugation

    • Conjugation is the process through which bacteria exchange small pieces of DNA through short 'tubes' or a much longer tube.
    • The donor bacterium does not die during conjugation.
    • The short 'tubes' are called pili.
    • DNA transfer occurs through the direct transfer of plasmids between bacteria.
    • The plasmids in both bacteria are replicated during conjugation.

    Transformation

    • Bacterial transformation is the process through which bacteria take up free DNA from the environment.
    • DNA transfer occurs through the uptake of free DNA by the recipient bacterium.
    • The donor bacterium is not affected during transformation.
    • The outcome of transformation is the acquisition of new genes by the recipient bacterium.

    Public Health

    • In public health decisions, the 'vertical approach' refers to the focus on individual health, whereas the 'horizontal system' focuses on the community and population health.

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    Test your knowledge of bacteriophages with this quiz! Learn about these viruses that infect and replicate within bacteria, and discover why humans are not susceptible to viral infections from bacteriophages.

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