Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of organism does a bacteriophage attack and reproduce inside?
What type of organism does a bacteriophage attack and reproduce inside?
- Bacteria (correct)
- Fungi
- Humans
- Plants
Who gets viral infections from bacteriophages?
Who gets viral infections from bacteriophages?
- Animals
- Bacteria (correct)
- Plants
- Humans
Can humans get viral infections from bacteriophages?
Can humans get viral infections from bacteriophages?
- It depends on the type of bacteriophage
- No, only bacteria do (correct)
- Yes, humans can get viral infections from bacteriophages
- No, but animals can get viral infections from bacteriophages
What does a bacteriophage do during transduction?
What does a bacteriophage do during transduction?
How does a bacteriophage act during transduction?
How does a bacteriophage act during transduction?
What is the role of a bacteriophage in transduction?
What is the role of a bacteriophage in transduction?
What is required for transduction to occur?
What is required for transduction to occur?
What type of genes does the bacteriophage have during transduction?
What type of genes does the bacteriophage have during transduction?
What happens to the recipient bacteria during transduction?
What happens to the recipient bacteria during transduction?
What happens to the donor bacterium in transduction?
What happens to the donor bacterium in transduction?
What is the fate of the recipient bacterium during transduction?
What is the fate of the recipient bacterium during transduction?
What are the main components of a bacteriophage's structure?
What are the main components of a bacteriophage's structure?
What role do viruses play in the ecology of Earth?
What role do viruses play in the ecology of Earth?
What is a significant function of viruses in genetic transfer?
What is a significant function of viruses in genetic transfer?
How do viruses impact populations of organisms?
How do viruses impact populations of organisms?
What is necessary for viruses to enter cells?
What is necessary for viruses to enter cells?
What is the primary requirement for viruses to infect cells?
What is the primary requirement for viruses to infect cells?
What do viruses need in order to get into cells?
What do viruses need in order to get into cells?
What did Mayer conclude is the cause of TMD?
What did Mayer conclude is the cause of TMD?
What is a characteristic of the infectious agent according to Mayer's work?
What is a characteristic of the infectious agent according to Mayer's work?
What did Mayer's work suggest about the size of the infectious agent?
What did Mayer's work suggest about the size of the infectious agent?
What did Mayer make a list of to investigate the tobacco problem?
What did Mayer make a list of to investigate the tobacco problem?
What was included in Mayer's list of possible trouble-makers?
What was included in Mayer's list of possible trouble-makers?
What did Mayer suspect could be causing the tobacco problem?
What did Mayer suspect could be causing the tobacco problem?
What happened when Koch isolated bacteria on agar and injected it back into the cow?
What happened when Koch isolated bacteria on agar and injected it back into the cow?
What was the outcome when Mayer isolated plant bacteria on agar and put it on healthy plants?
What was the outcome when Mayer isolated plant bacteria on agar and put it on healthy plants?
What was the result of injecting bacteria isolated by Mayer back into healthy plants?
What was the result of injecting bacteria isolated by Mayer back into healthy plants?
What was the outcome when Mayer put the TMD plant sap on healthy plants?
What was the outcome when Mayer put the TMD plant sap on healthy plants?
What was the outcome when Koch put infected cow blood into healthy cows?
What was the outcome when Koch put infected cow blood into healthy cows?
What was one similarity between Mayer's and Koch's experiments?
What was one similarity between Mayer's and Koch's experiments?
What is the causative agent for tobacco mosaic disease?
What is the causative agent for tobacco mosaic disease?
Which type of organism is the causative agent for tobacco mosaic disease?
Which type of organism is the causative agent for tobacco mosaic disease?
What is the specific causative agent for tobacco mosaic disease?
What is the specific causative agent for tobacco mosaic disease?
What would happen if TMD was caused by bacteria and alcohol was added to the sap?
What would happen if TMD was caused by bacteria and alcohol was added to the sap?
What effect would desiccating the bacteria have if TMD was caused by bacteria?
What effect would desiccating the bacteria have if TMD was caused by bacteria?
What would boiling the sap do if TMD was caused by bacteria?
What would boiling the sap do if TMD was caused by bacteria?
What did Beijerinck conclude after his experiments failed to prevent the plant from TMD?
What did Beijerinck conclude after his experiments failed to prevent the plant from TMD?
What did Beijerinck's experiments fail to prevent the plant from?
What did Beijerinck's experiments fail to prevent the plant from?
What is the primary causative agent of osteomyelitis?
What is the primary causative agent of osteomyelitis?
What happens to the infected bone in osteomyelitis?
What happens to the infected bone in osteomyelitis?
Why is it hard to treat Osteomyelitis?
Why is it hard to treat Osteomyelitis?
What does the DTaP vaccine protect against?
What does the DTaP vaccine protect against?
Who is the DTaP vaccine intended for?
Who is the DTaP vaccine intended for?
What type of pathogens are included in the DTaP vaccine?
What type of pathogens are included in the DTaP vaccine?
What is the primary purpose of attenuation?
What is the primary purpose of attenuation?
What is the desired strength of an attenuated pathogen?
What is the desired strength of an attenuated pathogen?
What is the causative agent of whooping cough?
What is the causative agent of whooping cough?
How is the bacterium Bordetella pertussis primarily spread?
How is the bacterium Bordetella pertussis primarily spread?
What type of bacterium is Bordetella pertussis?
What type of bacterium is Bordetella pertussis?
What does Bordetella pertussis release that paralyzes the cilia?
What does Bordetella pertussis release that paralyzes the cilia?
When does Bordetella pertussis release its cytotracheal toxin?
When does Bordetella pertussis release its cytotracheal toxin?
What type of toxin is released by Bordetella pertussis?
What type of toxin is released by Bordetella pertussis?
What is the role of the efflux pump protein in antibiotic resistance?
What is the role of the efflux pump protein in antibiotic resistance?
How are plasmid genes related to antibiotic resistance?
How are plasmid genes related to antibiotic resistance?
Where does the efflux pump protein shown in the cell diagram reside?
Where does the efflux pump protein shown in the cell diagram reside?
What is the role of the efflux pump protein in antibiotic resistance?
What is the role of the efflux pump protein in antibiotic resistance?
How are plasmid genes related to antibiotic resistance?
How are plasmid genes related to antibiotic resistance?
Where does the efflux pump protein reside in the cell?
Where does the efflux pump protein reside in the cell?
What is the primary role of the new cell wall protein in the bacterium?
What is the primary role of the new cell wall protein in the bacterium?
What happens to the bacterium as a result of the new cell wall protein?
What happens to the bacterium as a result of the new cell wall protein?
What is an important point to note about the new cell wall protein and antibiotic resistance?
What is an important point to note about the new cell wall protein and antibiotic resistance?
How do antibiotics that affect bacterial ribosome affect the bacteria ?
How do antibiotics that affect bacterial ribosome affect the bacteria ?
What can lead to bacterial resistance to antibiotics targeting ribosomes?
What can lead to bacterial resistance to antibiotics targeting ribosomes?
What happens if antibiotics can no longer attach firmly to the ribosomes of a bacterium?
What happens if antibiotics can no longer attach firmly to the ribosomes of a bacterium?
What is the primary cause of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)?
What is the primary cause of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)?
What is the role of the enzyme penicillinase in Staphylococcus aureus?
What is the role of the enzyme penicillinase in Staphylococcus aureus?
What does the term 'destruction' refer to in the context of antibiotic resistance?
What does the term 'destruction' refer to in the context of antibiotic resistance?
What is the gene that codes for an enzyme responsible for breaking down the beta-lactam ring in penicillin called? acquired through conjugation
What is the gene that codes for an enzyme responsible for breaking down the beta-lactam ring in penicillin called? acquired through conjugation
What is the term used to describe Staph aureus that is resistant to methicillin?
What is the term used to describe Staph aureus that is resistant to methicillin?
What is the characteristic of wild type Staph aureus in relation to penicillin?
What is the characteristic of wild type Staph aureus in relation to penicillin?
What is the primary characteristic of plasmids?
What is the primary characteristic of plasmids?
What is the essential nature of plasmids for an organism's life?
What is the essential nature of plasmids for an organism's life?
Where are plasmids located within the cell?
Where are plasmids located within the cell?
What are the small and functional snippets of DNA called, discovered in 1959?
What are the small and functional snippets of DNA called, discovered in 1959?
Where are the genes transferred during bacterial conjugation located?
Where are the genes transferred during bacterial conjugation located?
When bacterial conjugation was first studied, the question was, “how does a donor bacterium just give up some of its genes to a recipient?” The donor bacterium does not die, so why would it give something up so important, what was discovered?
When bacterial conjugation was first studied, the question was, “how does a donor bacterium just give up some of its genes to a recipient?” The donor bacterium does not die, so why would it give something up so important, what was discovered?
What is the process through which bacteria exchange small pieces of DNA through short 'tubes' or a much longer tube?
What is the process through which bacteria exchange small pieces of DNA through short 'tubes' or a much longer tube?
What happens to the donor bacterium during conjugation?
What happens to the donor bacterium during conjugation?
What are the short 'tubes' called through which bacteria exchange DNA during conjugation ( see this in the wild more)?
What are the short 'tubes' called through which bacteria exchange DNA during conjugation ( see this in the wild more)?
What is the mechanism of DNA replication during conjugation?
What is the mechanism of DNA replication during conjugation?
What happens to the plasmids in both bacteria during conjugation?
What happens to the plasmids in both bacteria during conjugation?
How does DNA transfer occur during conjugation?
How does DNA transfer occur during conjugation?
What is a significant factor influencing the development of new strains and antibiotic resistance?
What is a significant factor influencing the development of new strains and antibiotic resistance?
How does horizontal gene transfer contribute to antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
How does horizontal gene transfer contribute to antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
What is necessary for bacterial transformation to occur?
What is necessary for bacterial transformation to occur?
What is the outcome of bacterial transformation ( more in lab enivornment)?
What is the outcome of bacterial transformation ( more in lab enivornment)?
What was significant about Griffith's case?
What was significant about Griffith's case?
What happens to the donor bacterium during transformation (more in lab environment)?
What happens to the donor bacterium during transformation (more in lab environment)?
How is DNA transferred during bacterial transformation?
How is DNA transferred during bacterial transformation?
What is the fate of the recipient bacterium during transformation?
What is the fate of the recipient bacterium during transformation?
What is a common occurrence in bacteria involving the acquisition of new genes?
What is a common occurrence in bacteria involving the acquisition of new genes?
How does a bacterium pass on its genetic material to daughter cells?
How does a bacterium pass on its genetic material to daughter cells?
What is the term for the regular parent cell passing on its genetic material to the daughter cells?
What is the term for the regular parent cell passing on its genetic material to the daughter cells?
What is the primary method through which our cells transfer genes?
What is the primary method through which our cells transfer genes?
What is the term for the process through which bacteria exchange small pieces of DNA through short 'tubes' or a much longer tube?
What is the term for the process through which bacteria exchange small pieces of DNA through short 'tubes' or a much longer tube?
What is the essential nature of plasmids for an organism's life?
What is the essential nature of plasmids for an organism's life?
What is the genetic material that codes for proteins?
What is the genetic material that codes for proteins?
What are genes made of?
What are genes made of?
In public health decisions, what does the 'vertical approach' refer to?
In public health decisions, what does the 'vertical approach' refer to?
What is the focus of the 'horizontal system' in public health decisions?
What is the focus of the 'horizontal system' in public health decisions?
What is a key consideration in public health decisions?
What is a key consideration in public health decisions?
What are the key factors involved in public health decisions?
What are the key factors involved in public health decisions?
Why is the NTD horizontal approach not funded?
Why is the NTD horizontal approach not funded?
Why is malaria not considered 'neglected' despite being a tropical disease?
Why is malaria not considered 'neglected' despite being a tropical disease?
What is a distinguishing factor that prevents malaria from being classified as a 'neglected' disease?
What is a distinguishing factor that prevents malaria from being classified as a 'neglected' disease?
What contributes to the non-neglected status of malaria despite being a tropical disease?
What contributes to the non-neglected status of malaria despite being a tropical disease?
What is the most common cause of illness among the poorest people in the LAC region?
What is the most common cause of illness among the poorest people in the LAC region?
Where do two-thirds of the region's poor live, contributing to the prevalence of NTDs?
Where do two-thirds of the region's poor live, contributing to the prevalence of NTDs?
What is a common situation faced by those living in rural poverty in the LAC region?
What is a common situation faced by those living in rural poverty in the LAC region?
What is a common characteristic of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) mentioned in the text?
What is a common characteristic of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) mentioned in the text?
What is a key factor contributing to the prevalence of NTDs, as per the text?
What is a key factor contributing to the prevalence of NTDs, as per the text?
What is a distinguishing feature of leprosy, based on the text?
What is a distinguishing feature of leprosy, based on the text?
What is the prevalence of the diseases mentioned in the text?
What is the prevalence of the diseases mentioned in the text?
What is a characteristic of the mentioned diseases regarding mortality?
What is a characteristic of the mentioned diseases regarding mortality?
What is a common feature of patients with the mentioned diseases?
What is a common feature of patients with the mentioned diseases?
What diseases does the MMR vaccine target?
What diseases does the MMR vaccine target?
How many diseases does the MMR vaccine target?
How many diseases does the MMR vaccine target?
What is required after receiving the MMR vaccine?
What is required after receiving the MMR vaccine?
Which diseases does the MMR vaccine target?
Which diseases does the MMR vaccine target?
How are the three diseases targeted by the MMR vaccine primarily spread?
How are the three diseases targeted by the MMR vaccine primarily spread?
Which disease is referred to as 'hard measles' in the text?
Which disease is referred to as 'hard measles' in the text?
What is the effect of measles infections on unvaccinated children, based on the studies?
What is the effect of measles infections on unvaccinated children, based on the studies?
What risk do unvaccinated children face due to measles infections, according to the text?
What risk do unvaccinated children face due to measles infections, according to the text?
What is the overall impact of measles infections on the immune system of unvaccinated children?
What is the overall impact of measles infections on the immune system of unvaccinated children?
Where can the mumps virus be found even after recovery?
Where can the mumps virus be found even after recovery?
Vaccinations developed because the mumps virus has been found in the ... ?
Vaccinations developed because the mumps virus has been found in the ... ?
What is the causative agent of Rubella?
What is the causative agent of Rubella?
Which disease is known as 'German measles'?
Which disease is known as 'German measles'?
What is another name for Rubeola virus?
What is another name for Rubeola virus?
Why would you need a vaccine for hard measles?
Why would you need a vaccine for hard measles?
Why would you need a vaccine for rubella or German measles?
Why would you need a vaccine for rubella or German measles?
What does it mean for rubella to be a teratogen?
What does it mean for rubella to be a teratogen?
What is virulence in the context of infectious organisms?
What is virulence in the context of infectious organisms?
What is dysentery?
What is dysentery?
What is the primary characteristic of dysentery?
What is the primary characteristic of dysentery?
Which body system does dysentery primarily affect?
Which body system does dysentery primarily affect?
What did d’Herelle notice while working with dysentery patients near Paris in 1915?
What did d’Herelle notice while working with dysentery patients near Paris in 1915?
What did d’Herelle and his associates collect from dysentery patients while working in the hospital?
What did d’Herelle and his associates collect from dysentery patients while working in the hospital?
What was d’Herelle searching for while working with dysentery patients near Paris in 1915?
What was d’Herelle searching for while working with dysentery patients near Paris in 1915?
What does d’Herelle speculate about recovered patients from dysentery?
What does d’Herelle speculate about recovered patients from dysentery?
What is the focus of d’Herelle's inquiry regarding recovered dysentery patients?
What is the focus of d’Herelle's inquiry regarding recovered dysentery patients?
What does d’Herelle wonder if recovered dysentery patients have in their intestines?
What does d’Herelle wonder if recovered dysentery patients have in their intestines?
What did d’Herelle obtain from dysentery patients' stools and mix with Shigella dysenteriae bacteria?
What did d’Herelle obtain from dysentery patients' stools and mix with Shigella dysenteriae bacteria?
What was the outcome of the plates from the survivors and the deceased dysentery patients?
What was the outcome of the plates from the survivors and the deceased dysentery patients?
What was d’Herelle pondering while working with the 'filtered fluid' obtained from dysentery patients' stools?
What was d’Herelle pondering while working with the 'filtered fluid' obtained from dysentery patients' stools?
What are the circular clear areas within the lawn of bacteria called?
What are the circular clear areas within the lawn of bacteria called?
From what does each plaque arise?
From what does each plaque arise?
What happens when the bacterium lyses within a plaque?
What happens when the bacterium lyses within a plaque?
What did D’Herelle believe the areas where bacteria had been killed by 'something' to be?
What did D’Herelle believe the areas where bacteria had been killed by 'something' to be?
What did D’Herelle suspect these areas to be in relation to bacteria?
What did D’Herelle suspect these areas to be in relation to bacteria?
What did D’Herelle believe were present in the areas where bacteria had been killed by 'something'?
What did D’Herelle believe were present in the areas where bacteria had been killed by 'something'?
Who suggested the use of filtrate treatment for people affected with dysentery?
Who suggested the use of filtrate treatment for people affected with dysentery?
What was the first bacteriophage therapy used for?
What was the first bacteriophage therapy used for?
What is the primary purpose of bacteriophage therapy?
What is the primary purpose of bacteriophage therapy?
Where is the headquarters of the Centers for Disease Control located?
Where is the headquarters of the Centers for Disease Control located?
What was the primary reason for choosing Atlanta, Georgia as the location for the CDC headquarters?
What was the primary reason for choosing Atlanta, Georgia as the location for the CDC headquarters?
What is remarkable about the Hepatitis B virus mentioned in the text?
What is remarkable about the Hepatitis B virus mentioned in the text?
What is the impact of the Hepatitis B virus on humans?
What is the impact of the Hepatitis B virus on humans?
What makes the Hepatitis B virus amazing, according to the text?
What makes the Hepatitis B virus amazing, according to the text?
How is Hepatitis A primarily transmitted?
How is Hepatitis A primarily transmitted?
What is the primary route of transmission for Hepatitis B?
What is the primary route of transmission for Hepatitis B?
How is Hepatitis C mainly spread?
How is Hepatitis C mainly spread?
Which of the following diseases is a teratogen, capable of causing birth defects?
Which of the following diseases is a teratogen, capable of causing birth defects?
What is the primary characteristic of a teratogen?
What is the primary characteristic of a teratogen?
Which of the following substances is described as the biggest teratogen?
Which of the following substances is described as the biggest teratogen?
What was the impact of the 1964-1965 rubella epidemic in the U.S.?
What was the impact of the 1964-1965 rubella epidemic in the U.S.?
What was the initial skepticism of doctors and scientists regarding rubella infections?
What was the initial skepticism of doctors and scientists regarding rubella infections?
What was the consequence of the skepticism regarding rubella infections?
What was the consequence of the skepticism regarding rubella infections?
What are the characteristics of Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)?
What are the characteristics of Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)?
What has been the impact of the MMR vaccine on CRS?
What has been the impact of the MMR vaccine on CRS?
What is the current status of CRS globally?
What is the current status of CRS globally?
Which disease has a lower virulence compared to rubeola?
Which disease has a lower virulence compared to rubeola?
What is the common name for rubeola?
What is the common name for rubeola?
Which disease is considered 'hard measles'?
Which disease is considered 'hard measles'?
What is the term used to describe the impaired immunological memories of previously encountered pathogens in children who recover from measles?
What is the term used to describe the impaired immunological memories of previously encountered pathogens in children who recover from measles?
Which type of cells does the rubeola virus attach to, leading to a potential loss of antibody memory?
Which type of cells does the rubeola virus attach to, leading to a potential loss of antibody memory?
What is the consequence of the number of deaths caused by other infectious agents increasing in children who recover from measles?
What is the consequence of the number of deaths caused by other infectious agents increasing in children who recover from measles?
Which of the following is an example of an immunocompromised site in the human body?
Which of the following is an example of an immunocompromised site in the human body?
Which of the following is NOT considered an immunocompromised site?
Which of the following is NOT considered an immunocompromised site?
Which of the following areas is mentioned as an immunocompromised site in the text?
Which of the following areas is mentioned as an immunocompromised site in the text?
What treatment did Isabelle Carnell-Holdaway receive to control the Mycobacterium infection?
What treatment did Isabelle Carnell-Holdaway receive to control the Mycobacterium infection?
What positive outcome was observed after six weeks of phage treatment for Carnell-Holdaway?
What positive outcome was observed after six weeks of phage treatment for Carnell-Holdaway?
What is the potential future role of bacteriophages in medical treatment?
What is the potential future role of bacteriophages in medical treatment?
What was the initial perception of using bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections?
What was the initial perception of using bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections?
What genetic condition did Isabelle Carnell-Holdaway have?
What genetic condition did Isabelle Carnell-Holdaway have?
What was the cause of the infection that spread throughout Isabelle Carnell-Holdaway's body? Received double lung transplant and infection spread throughout whole body.
What was the cause of the infection that spread throughout Isabelle Carnell-Holdaway's body? Received double lung transplant and infection spread throughout whole body.
Why weren't there any antibiotics that could treat the Mycobacterium infection?
Why weren't there any antibiotics that could treat the Mycobacterium infection?
How do vaccines work?
How do vaccines work?
What is the primary role of adaptive immunity in response to vaccines?
What is the primary role of adaptive immunity in response to vaccines?
What is the key advantage of vaccines leveraging adaptive immunity?
What is the key advantage of vaccines leveraging adaptive immunity?
Which of the following is an example of the body's second line of defense?
Which of the following is an example of the body's second line of defense?
Which of the following is a function of interferons in the immune response?
Which of the following is a function of interferons in the immune response?
Where would specialized T and B cells belong in our body's defense?
Where would specialized T and B cells belong in our body's defense?
Which type of immunity involves specialized T and B cells?
Which type of immunity involves specialized T and B cells?
What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
What is the primary function of IgA antibodies?
What is the primary function of IgA antibodies?
How many receptor sites does the largest antibody, IgM, have?
How many receptor sites does the largest antibody, IgM, have?
Which antibody can be overproduced with allergies and binds to mast cells in the skin & mucous membrane, releasing histamine?
Which antibody can be overproduced with allergies and binds to mast cells in the skin & mucous membrane, releasing histamine?
What is the primary function of IgA antibodies?
What is the primary function of IgA antibodies?
Which antibody can be overproduced with allergies?
Which antibody can be overproduced with allergies?
How many receptor sites does IgM antibody have?
How many receptor sites does IgM antibody have?
What are antigens?
What are antigens?
What is the primary function of antigens in the immune system?
What is the primary function of antigens in the immune system?
How are antigens defined?
How are antigens defined?
In the context of antigen-antibody interaction, what is the term for the specific region on the antigen that the antibody binds to?
In the context of antigen-antibody interaction, what is the term for the specific region on the antigen that the antibody binds to?
What is an antigen?
What is an antigen?
What are epitopes?
What are epitopes?
What did Pasteur learn about bacteria and vaccines?
What did Pasteur learn about bacteria and vaccines?
What was the result of Pasteur's vaccine on healthy chickens?
What was the result of Pasteur's vaccine on healthy chickens?
What was Pasteur's primary concern regarding his vaccine procedure?
What was Pasteur's primary concern regarding his vaccine procedure?
What was the outcome when Pasteur challenged the protected chickens with fresh cultures of P. multocida?
What was the outcome when Pasteur challenged the protected chickens with fresh cultures of P. multocida?
What was the fate of the healthy chickens that were not injected with the old culture of bacteria?
What was the fate of the healthy chickens that were not injected with the old culture of bacteria?
What did Pasteur observe about the broth of bacteria that had been sitting around for weeks?
What did Pasteur observe about the broth of bacteria that had been sitting around for weeks?
What is the causative agent for Chicken Cholera?
What is the causative agent for Chicken Cholera?
Which bacterium is responsible for causing Chicken Cholera?
Which bacterium is responsible for causing Chicken Cholera?
What disease is Pasteurella multocida the causative agent for?
What disease is Pasteurella multocida the causative agent for?
What is the process of viral nucleic acid and capsid protein production called?
What is the process of viral nucleic acid and capsid protein production called?
What happens after maturation, where do the viruses go?
What happens after maturation, where do the viruses go?
What is the initial step of a virus entering a host cell?
What is the initial step of a virus entering a host cell?
What is the process of viral nucleic acid and capsid protein production called?
What is the process of viral nucleic acid and capsid protein production called?
What is the initial step in the penetration of virus into a host cell?
What is the initial step in the penetration of virus into a host cell?
What is the role of viral or host enzymes in the penetration of virus into a host cell?
What is the role of viral or host enzymes in the penetration of virus into a host cell?
Why do enveloped viruses 'wrap' themselves with host molecules?
Why do enveloped viruses 'wrap' themselves with host molecules?
What is the main advantage of enveloped viruses taking some of the host cell's membrane with them when budding out?
What is the main advantage of enveloped viruses taking some of the host cell's membrane with them when budding out?
What is the primary purpose of prophylaxis vaccines?
What is the primary purpose of prophylaxis vaccines?
How does the post-exposure Rabies vaccine work?
How does the post-exposure Rabies vaccine work?
What is the protective effect of the Rabies vaccine post exposure?
What is the protective effect of the Rabies vaccine post exposure?
What is a disadvantage of live, attenuated vaccines?
What is a disadvantage of live, attenuated vaccines?
What is the primary advantage of live, attenuated vaccines?
What is the primary advantage of live, attenuated vaccines?
Which disease can be prevented by the Sabin vaccine administered via a sugar cube?
Which disease can be prevented by the Sabin vaccine administered via a sugar cube?
During which period does the number of microbes reach its highest and most severe signs and symptoms are observed?
During which period does the number of microbes reach its highest and most severe signs and symptoms are observed?
What happens during the period of covalence?
What happens during the period of covalence?
When does the mild signs and symptoms with a slight elevated number of microbes occur?
When does the mild signs and symptoms with a slight elevated number of microbes occur?
What is the shortest possible incubation period for rabies if bitten near the head?
What is the shortest possible incubation period for rabies if bitten near the head?
How long might it take for the rabies virus to move up to the brain if bitten on the hand or foot?
How long might it take for the rabies virus to move up to the brain if bitten on the hand or foot?
What is the longest possible incubation period for rabies if bitten on the hand or foot?
What is the longest possible incubation period for rabies if bitten on the hand or foot?
How many deaths result from 1 case of rabies?
How many deaths result from 1 case of rabies?
What is the fatality rate for rabies based on 1 case?
What is the fatality rate for rabies based on 1 case?
If there are 5 cases of rabies, how many deaths are expected?
If there are 5 cases of rabies, how many deaths are expected?
What is the fate of any mammal that gets rabies?
What is the fate of any mammal that gets rabies?
What is the primary outcome for a mammal infected with rabies?
What is the primary outcome for a mammal infected with rabies?
What is the consequence for any mammal that contracts rabies?
What is the consequence for any mammal that contracts rabies?
How is rabies primarily transmitted to humans?
How is rabies primarily transmitted to humans?
What type of disease is rabies considered?
What type of disease is rabies considered?
What is the main source of the rabies virus in transmission to humans?
What is the main source of the rabies virus in transmission to humans?
What is a key advantage of killed vaccines?
What is a key advantage of killed vaccines?
Which vaccine type requires booster shots to elicit a stronger immune response?
Which vaccine type requires booster shots to elicit a stronger immune response?
Which vaccine is an example of a killed vaccine?
Which vaccine is an example of a killed vaccine?
What is the receptor on muscle cells that the rabies virus attaches to?
What is the receptor on muscle cells that the rabies virus attaches to?
Which molecules on the neuron surface does the rabies virus attach to for penetration into the neuron cells?
Which molecules on the neuron surface does the rabies virus attach to for penetration into the neuron cells?
Where is the rabies virus hidden from the host's immune system once it penetrates the neuron cells?
Where is the rabies virus hidden from the host's immune system once it penetrates the neuron cells?
Who was the first person to receive Pasteur's rabies vaccine?
Who was the first person to receive Pasteur's rabies vaccine?
How often were the vaccine injections administered to Joseph Meister?
How often were the vaccine injections administered to Joseph Meister?
What was the outcome of Joseph Meister's treatment with Pasteur's vaccine?
What was the outcome of Joseph Meister's treatment with Pasteur's vaccine?
What did Pasteur find by removing the spinal cords from rabid rabbits and drying them out?
What did Pasteur find by removing the spinal cords from rabid rabbits and drying them out?
What was the outcome of the process of removing the spinal cords from rabid rabbits and drying them out on the host's immune system?
What was the outcome of the process of removing the spinal cords from rabid rabbits and drying them out on the host's immune system?
Where does the rabies virus replicate in the host's body?
Where does the rabies virus replicate in the host's body?
What is the final stage of rabies progression in the host?
What is the final stage of rabies progression in the host?
How does the rabies virus travel within the host's body?
How does the rabies virus travel within the host's body?
Who showed that the cause of poliomyelitis could be transmitted to monkeys?
Who showed that the cause of poliomyelitis could be transmitted to monkeys?
Where did Landsteiner go to continue his experiments on poliomyelitis?
Where did Landsteiner go to continue his experiments on poliomyelitis?
What did people know about polio after Landsteiner's work?
What did people know about polio after Landsteiner's work?
How many receptor sites does the Polio CD155 receptor molecule have?
How many receptor sites does the Polio CD155 receptor molecule have?
Where does the Polio CD155 receptor molecule attach to cells?
Where does the Polio CD155 receptor molecule attach to cells?
How many sites does the Polio CD155 receptor molecule have for attachment?
How many sites does the Polio CD155 receptor molecule have for attachment?
What is a primary impact of bulbar polio with brain stem involvement?
What is a primary impact of bulbar polio with brain stem involvement?
Which demographic group is especially at risk of high mortality from bulbar polio?
Which demographic group is especially at risk of high mortality from bulbar polio?
What is the mortality rate like for bulbar polio with brain stem involvement?
What is the mortality rate like for bulbar polio with brain stem involvement?
What is the primary cause of the problem described in the text?
What is the primary cause of the problem described in the text?
What is the consequence of the described problem?
What is the consequence of the described problem?
What is the nature of the problem described in the text?
What is the nature of the problem described in the text?
What type of neurons does the polio virus primarily attack?
What type of neurons does the polio virus primarily attack?
What is the main cause of paralysis due to polio infection?
What is the main cause of paralysis due to polio infection?
Which nerve fibers does the polio virus affect in the body?
Which nerve fibers does the polio virus affect in the body?
How many genes does the Enterovirus have?
How many genes does the Enterovirus have?
How many types or strains of Enterovirus are there?
How many types or strains of Enterovirus are there?
How stable is the Enterovirus outside of the body?
How stable is the Enterovirus outside of the body?
Study Notes
Bacteriophage Characteristics
- A bacteriophage attacks and reproduces inside bacteria.
- Bacteriophages do not cause viral infections in humans.
Transduction Process
- During transduction, a bacteriophage introduces bacterial genes into another bacterium.
- The bacteriophage acts as a vector, carrying genes from one bacterium to another.
- The role of a bacteriophage in transduction is to transfer genetic material between bacteria.
- For transduction to occur, bacterial DNA must be incorporated into the bacteriophage genome.
- The bacteriophage has genes that allow it to integrate into the host bacterium.
- The recipient bacterium receives genetic material from the donor bacterium through the bacteriophage.
- The donor bacterium is not affected during transduction.
- The fate of the recipient bacterium is to receive new genetic material.
Bacteriophage Structure
- The main components of a bacteriophage's structure are the head, tail, and genetic material.
Viral Ecology and Genetic Transfer
- Viruses play a crucial role in the ecology of Earth, influencing population dynamics and genetic transfer.
- A significant function of viruses is to facilitate genetic transfer between organisms.
- Viruses impact populations by infecting and altering the behavior of organisms.
Virus Infection
- For viruses to enter cells, they require specific receptors on the host cell surface.
- The primary requirement for viruses to infect cells is the presence of these receptors.
Tobacco Mosaic Disease (TMD)
- TMD is caused by a virus, not bacteria.
- The causative agent of TMD is a type of virus that infects plants.
- Mayer concluded that TMD is caused by a filterable agent, not bacteria.
- The infectious agent is small enough to pass through a filter.
Koch's Postulates
- Koch's postulates are a set of criteria used to determine the causative agent of a disease.
- In Koch's experiments, injecting bacteria into healthy cows resulted in disease.
- Mayer's experiments with plant bacteria and healthy plants yielded similar results.
Osteomyelitis
- The primary causative agent of osteomyelitis is bacteria.
- Infected bone in osteomyelitis becomes necrotic and difficult to treat.
- Osteomyelitis is challenging to treat due to the difficulty of reaching the infected bone.
DTaP Vaccine
- The DTaP vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis.
- The vaccine is intended for children and individuals who have not previously received the vaccine.
- The DTaP vaccine includes pathogens that cause these diseases.
Attenuation and Antibiotic Resistance
- The primary purpose of attenuation is to weaken a pathogen, making it unable to cause disease.
- The desired strength of an attenuated pathogen is weakened but still able to stimulate an immune response.
- Attenuation can contribute to antibiotic resistance.
Bordetella pertussis and Whooping Cough
- Whooping cough is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis.
- The bacterium is primarily spread through respiratory droplets.
- Bordetella pertussis releases a cytotracheal toxin that paralyzes the cilia in the respiratory tract.
- The bacterium releases its toxin during the catarrhal stage of the disease.
Antibiotic Resistance
- The efflux pump protein plays a crucial role in antibiotic resistance by pumping antibiotics out of the cell.
- Plasmid genes are related to antibiotic resistance, as they can carry genes that confer resistance.
- The efflux pump protein resides in the cell membrane.
- Antibiotics that target bacterial ribosomes can lead to resistance if the bacteria develop mutations that prevent the antibiotic from binding.
- The primary cause of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is the acquisition of the mecA gene.
- The enzyme penicillinase breaks down the beta-lactam ring in penicillin, making it ineffective.
Genetic Transfer and Plasmids
- Plasmids are small, self-replicating circular DNA molecules that can transfer genetic material between bacteria.
- The primary characteristic of plasmids is their ability to replicate independently of the host chromosome.
- Plasmids are located in the cytoplasm of bacteria.
- Genetic transfer through conjugation, transformation, and transduction plays a crucial role in the development of new strains and antibiotic resistance.
Conjugation
- Conjugation is the process through which bacteria exchange small pieces of DNA through short 'tubes' or a much longer tube.
- The donor bacterium does not die during conjugation.
- The short 'tubes' are called pili.
- DNA transfer occurs through the direct transfer of plasmids between bacteria.
- The plasmids in both bacteria are replicated during conjugation.
Transformation
- Bacterial transformation is the process through which bacteria take up free DNA from the environment.
- DNA transfer occurs through the uptake of free DNA by the recipient bacterium.
- The donor bacterium is not affected during transformation.
- The outcome of transformation is the acquisition of new genes by the recipient bacterium.
Public Health
- In public health decisions, the 'vertical approach' refers to the focus on individual health, whereas the 'horizontal system' focuses on the community and population health.
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Test your knowledge of bacteriophages with this quiz! Learn about these viruses that infect and replicate within bacteria, and discover why humans are not susceptible to viral infections from bacteriophages.
