Bacteriology Quiz: Gram Staining Techniques

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following bacteria is classified as Gram-negative?

  • Corynebacterium
  • Staphylococcus
  • Escherichia (correct)
  • Streptococcus

Mycobacterium is Gram-positive due to its high lipid content.

False (B)

What type of staining is used to identify Mycobacterium bacteria?

Ziehl-Neelsen staining or acid-fast staining

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in dogs is often complicated by ______.

<p>SIBO</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bacteria with their corresponding Gram stain classification:

<p>Staphylococcus = Gram-positive Escherichia = Gram-negative Mycoplasma = Gram-positive Mycobacterium = Neither Gram-positive nor Gram-negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following Clostridium species is responsible for "Black disease" in sheep?

<p>C. novyi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Botulism is characterized by spastic paralysis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for the condition caused by Clostridium perfringens type A in humans, characterized by gas accumulation in muscle tissue and severe tissue damage?

<p>Gas gangrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

The characteristic "drumstick" appearance on Gram-stained smears is associated with ______ endospores.

<p>tetani</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the Clostridium species with the corresponding disease:

<p>C. perfringens type B = Lamb dysentery C. septicum = Braxy C. novyi type B = Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis C. haemolyticum = Bacillary haemoglobinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of botulism?

<p>Spastic paralysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pigs and dogs are highly susceptible to botulism.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary clinical sign associated with Bacillary haemoglobinuria?

<p>Haemoglobinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following species is responsible for Lyme disease?

<p>Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leptospirosis is a common clinical finding in cats.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary transmission route for swine dysentery?

<p>Feco-oral route</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bacteria responsible for bovine digital dermatitis and contagious ovine digital dermatitis are ______ species.

<p>Treponema</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diseases with their causative agents:

<p>Calf diphtheria = Fusobacterium necrophorum Swine dysentery = Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Avian spirochaetosis = Borrelia anserina Lyme disease = Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by severe renal disease in pups, and chronic renal disease in adults?

<p>Leptospirosis caused by Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria are commonly found as commensals on mucosal surfaces, particularly in the alimentary tract.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary tick vectors responsible for transmitting Lyme disease in the U.S.?

<p>Ixodes scapularis (Central and Eastern USA) and Ixodes pacificus (West Coast USA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of feline cryptococcosis?

<p>Avian gastric yeast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Malassezia pachydermatis is primarily associated with canine seborrheic dermatitis and canine otitis externa.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance of the nasal form of feline cryptococcosis?

<p>Flesh-coloured, polyp-like nasal granulomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

The avian gastric yeast, Macrorhabdus ornithogaster, is also known as ______.

<p>Megabacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the fungal organisms to their associated diseases:

<p>Blastomyces dermatitidis = Canine seborrheic dermatitis Malassezia pachydermatis = White piedra Trichosporon beigelii = Blastomycosis Geotrichum candidum = Diarrhea in dogs and apes Macrorhabdus ornithogaster = Avian gastric yeast</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are predisposing factors for canine otitis externa caused by Malassezia pachydermatis?

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dimorphic fungi are characterized by occurring as yeasts in the environment and as molds in animal tissues.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary clinical manifestation of Geotrichum candidum infection?

<p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses can cause abortion in horses?

<p>Both A and C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Canine herpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) infection is typically asymptomatic in adult dogs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Aujeszky's disease?

<p>Inhalation of aerosols from infected pigs, nose-to-nose contact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The intense itching associated with Aujeszky's disease in ruminants is referred to as "______".

<p>mad itch</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following herpesviruses with their corresponding animal species:

<p>Porcine herpesvirus 1 (ADV) = Pigs Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) = Horses Equine herpesvirus 3 (EHV-3) = Horses Canine herpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) = Dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Equine coital exanthema?

<p>Associated with viremia and abortion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aujeszky's disease affects young pigs more severely than older pigs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary diseases caused by equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) in horses?

<p>Respiratory disease and abortion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following species are NOT members of the subfamily Alcelaphinae?

<p>Zebra (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is caused by a single virus, alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1).

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristic clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever?

<p>Sudden onset of fever, oculonasal discharge, enlarged lymph nodes, conjunctivitis, corneal opacity, and erosive mucosal lesions in the upper respiratory tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bovine papillomavirus type 5 (BPV-5) causes the ______ type of bovine cutaneous papillomatosis.

<p>Rice grain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bovine papillomavirus types with their associated clinical manifestations:

<p>BPV-1 or 2 = Head and neck fibropapilloma BPV-3 = Cutaneous papilloma BPV-4 = Papillomas of the esophagus, rumen, and reticulum BPV-5 = Rice grain type of bovine cutaneous papillomatosis BPV-6 = Frond type of bovine cutaneous papillomatosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bovine alimentary papilloma-carcinoma complex is always associated with malignant transformation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bracken fern in the development of enzootic hematuria?

<p>Bracken fern ingestion, coupled with BPV-2 infection, can lead to neoplastic lesions in the bladder wall, resulting in enzootic hematuria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about Papillomaviridae?

<p>They are double-stranded DNA viruses with icosahedral symmetry. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)

A condition in dogs where the pancreas does not produce enough digestive enzymes, leading to malabsorption.

Gram-positive bacteria

Bacteria that retain the violet stain during Gram staining, indicating a thicker peptidoglycan layer.

Gram-negative bacteria

Bacteria that do not retain the violet stain and appear red after Gram staining due to a thin peptidoglycan layer.

Mycoplasma

A phylogenetically Gram-positive bacterium that does not stain violet due to lack of a cell wall with macromolecules.

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Acid-fast bacteria

Bacteria that do not retain Gram stains due to high lipid content; stained using Ziehl-Neelsen method instead.

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Tetanus

Infection caused by tetani endospores leading to spastic paralysis.

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Botulism

Ingestion of C.botulinum toxin causing flaccid paralysis.

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Shaker foal syndrome

Intestinal toxico-infectious botulism in foals.

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Blackleg

Gangrenous cellulitis in cattle and sheep from C.chauvoei activation.

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Malignant edema

Infection by C.septicum causing gas and swelling in wounds.

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Braxy

Abomasitis in young sheep from C.septicum due to frozen feed.

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Black disease

Hepatic necrosis in sheep from C.novyi type B following damage.

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Lamb dysentery

Disease in young lambs caused by C.perfringens type B with bloody feces.

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Leptospira Canicola

Causes severe renal disease in dogs, especially males aged 4-7.

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Leptospira Icterohaemorrhagiae

Causes peracute hemorrhagic disease and jaundice.

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Borrelia and Lyme disease

Caused by B.burgdorferi, transmitted by Ixodes ticks.

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Avian spirochaetosis

Caused by B.anserina, affects domestic poultry with anemia.

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Swine dysentery

Caused by B.hyodysenteriae, leads to diarrhea in young pigs.

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Fusobacterium necrophorum

Causes calf diphtheria in calves under 3 months.

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Pathogenic anaerobic bacteria

Non-spore-forming Gram (-) bacteria, often pathogenic.

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Bovine digital dermatitis

Caused by Treponema species, poorly understood pathogenesis.

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Feline cryptococcosis

A fungal infection in cats characterized by various forms including nasal granulomas.

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Nasal form of cryptococcosis

Characterized by flesh-colored, polyp-like granulomas in the nasal cavity.

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Canine seborrheic dermatitis

A skin condition in dogs with greasy exudate and pruritus, often due to hypersensitivity.

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Canine otitis externa

Ear infection characterized by dark discharge and intense pruritus in dogs.

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Macrorhabdus ornithogaster

Known as avian gastric yeast; causes weight loss and diarrhea in Budgerigars.

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Trichosporon beigelii

A soil saprophyte causing white 'piedra' in humans.

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Geotrichum candidum

A soil saprophyte linked with diarrhea in dogs and apes, and pig lymphadenitis.

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Dimorphic fungi

Fungi that exist as molds in the environment and yeasts in animal tissues.

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Malignant catarrhal fever

A fatal disease in ruminants caused by AlHV-1 and OvHV-2.

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Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1)

Virus causing Malignant catarrhal fever, transmitted in wildebeests.

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Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2)

Virus carried by sheep, often asymptomatic, related to MCF.

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Pathogenesis of MCF

Poorly understood process; virus enters through the respiratory tract.

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Bovine cutaneous papillomatosis

Skin condition in cattle caused by different BPV types, mostly self-limiting.

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Bovine alimentary papilloma-carcinoma complex

Papillomas in digestive system linked to bracken fern and BPV-4.

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Enzootic hematuria

Bladder lesions from BPV-2 infection, worsened by bracken fern ingestion.

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Papillomaviridae

Family of double-stranded DNA viruses causing papillomas in animals.

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Aujeszky’s Disease

Caused by porcine herpesvirus 1, transmitted mainly through inhalation or contact with infected pigs.

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Transmission of Aujeszky’s Disease

The virus is shed in secretions, milk, and semen, and is transmitted primarily by inhalation.

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Symptoms of Aujeszky’s Disease

Neurological, respiratory, reproductive signs, and intense itching ('mad itch').

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Equine Rhinopneumonitis

Caused by EHV-1 and EHV-4, associated with respiratory disease and abortion.

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EHV-1 Related Complications

EHV-1 infection can cause fatal disease in neonatal foals and encephalomyelitis.

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Equine Coital Exanthema

A benign venereal disease caused by EHV-3, with lesions on genitalia.

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Canine Herpesvirus Infection

Caused by CHV-1; asymptomatic in adults but severe in pups, often fatal.

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Transmission of Canine Herpesvirus

Occurs mainly by the oronasal route or possible in-utero infection.

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Study Notes

Veterinary Microbiology

  • Veterinary microbiology studies pathogens that affect animals
  • Pathogens include bacteria, fungi, viruses, and prions
  • Pathogens cause illness by injuring host cells
  • Bacteria and fungi damage cells directly through toxin production or indirectly by inflammation
  • Viruses and prions damage cells during replication
  • Veterinarians must be familiar with infectious agents, classification, transmission, and produced lesions in order to eradicate diseases

Pathogenic Microorganisms

  • Bacteria:
    • Unicellular
    • Exhibit diverse morphologies
    • Classified as Gram-positive or Gram-negative
  • Fungi:
    • Either unicellular or multicellular (yeast or mold)
    • Capable of digesting organic matter
  • Algae:
    • Plant-like; either unicellular or multicellular (i.e. algae species)
    • Capable of secreting enzymes that can digest organic matter
  • Viruses:
    • Not cells; consist of nucleic acids
    • Require living cells for replication
    • Smaller than bacteria
  • Prions:
    • Abnormally folded proteins
    • Smaller than viruses
    • Do not contain nucleic acids
    • Can only multiply within living cells

Bacterial Species

  • Staphylococcus:

    • Gram-positive cocci in clusters
    • Common on mucous membranes and skin
    • Causes pyogenic (pus-forming) infections
    • Examples of clinical infections: Bovine mastitis, tick pyemia, exudative epidermitis, and botryomycosis. Also bumble foot infections in birds and staphylococcal infections in dogs and cats
  • Streptococcus:

    • Gram-positive cocci in chains
    • Commensal in mucous membranes
    • Causes pyogenic infections
    • Examples of clinical infections: Strangles, streptococcal suis infection and bovine streptococcal mastitis.
  • Actinobacteria:

    • Gram-positive; branching filaments
    • Opportunistic pathogens
    • Examples of clinical infections : Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes infection, Canine actinomycosis, Bovine nocardial mastitis, and others

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