Bacteriology exam prep Pasteurella, Manheimia, Actinobacillus, Pseudomonas
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Questions and Answers

What characteristic sets Pasteurellaceae family apart from the Enterobacteriaceae family?

  • Being gram-positive
  • Being obligate anaerobes
  • Having more than 30 genera
  • Being oxidase positive (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a typical habitat for Pasteurella species?

  • Skin surfaces
  • Gastrointestinal tract
  • Muscular tissues (correct)
  • Upper respiratory tract

    • What is the primary pathogenic species of the Pasteurella genus?

  • Pasteurella canis
  • Pasteurella multocida (correct)
  • Pasteurella oralis
  • Pasteurella stomatis

    • How can carriers of Pasteurella multocida transmit the bacteria to naive or immunocompromised animals?

    <p>Through respiratory secretions, saliva, and open wound exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical manifestation of Fowl cholera in birds?

    <p>Acute septicemia or chronic localized infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of transmission of Pasteurella multocida?

    <p>Carrier animals, such as dogs and cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary habitat of the Pasteurella genus?

    <p>Upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a host of Pasteurella multocida?

    <p>Fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical outcome of peracute Fowl cholera in birds?

    <p>High mortality with no clinical signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common disease caused by Pasteurella multocida?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of multocida infection in cattle?

    <p>Severe systemic inflammatory response and multi-organ infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a virulence factor of P. multocida?

    <p>Osteoclasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range of pigs affected by chronic atrophic rhinitis?

    <p>3-7 months old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the destruction of turbinates in chronic atrophic rhinitis?

    <p>Secondary pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of siderophores in P. multocida?

    <p>Resistance to bactericidal effects of serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the dermonecrotic toxin on cell-signaling processes?

    <p>Increased levels of inflammatory cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the disruption of osteogenesis in chronic atrophic rhinitis?

    <p>Destruction of turbinates and nasal bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of multocida infection in terms of excretions?

    <p>Highly infectious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the synergistic infection that contributes to chronic atrophic rhinitis in pigs?

    <p>P. multocida + Bordetella bronchiseptica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of multocida infection in terms of mucous membranes?

    <p>Ulcerations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary habitat of Manheimia haemolytica?

    <p>The nasal cavity and nasopharynx of cattle and sheep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a predisposing factor for disease caused by Pasteurella and Manheimia?

    <p>Dehorning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of infection by Manheimia haemolytica in immunocompetent hosts?

    <p>No disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of siderophores in P. multocida?

    <p>Acquiring iron from the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Pasteurella and Manheimia?

    <p>Inhalation, ingestion, and bite or scratch wounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the reduction of osteoblasts in chronic atrophic rhinitis?

    <p>Disruption of turbinates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Manheimia haemolytica?

    <p>Bipolar staining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disease caused by Manheimia haemolytica?

    <p>Bovine respiratory disease complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of the proliferation of osteoclasts in chronic atrophic rhinitis?

    <p>Disruption of turbinates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is most likely to initiate an intense inflammatory response in the lungs?

    <p>Presence of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the surface of P. multocida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the inflammatory response induced by P. multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica?

    <p>The presence of airway and alveolar neutrophil infiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Bordetella bronchiseptica in the development of atrophic rhinitis?

    <p>It secrets Dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) causing mild damage to nasal epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the inflammatory response induced by P. multocida in the lungs?

    <p>It is characterized by an intense inflammatory response with fibrin deposition and thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of infection in 'Shipping Fever' or Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC)?

    <p>The lower respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the clinical signs of P. multocida infection in more advanced cases?

    <p>Lower fever and increased respiratory distress are present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which P. multocida induces destruction of turbinates in atrophic rhinitis?

    <p>It secrets a toxin that leads to destruction of turbinates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the gross lesions induced by Mannheimia haemolytica in the lungs?

    <p>Necrosis and hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that predisposes ruminants to P. multocida infection?

    <p>Lowered immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease complex that is characterized by pneumonia and pleuropneumonia in ruminants?

    <p>Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of neonatal infections?

    <p>Mothers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the release of neutrophilic cellular contents?

    <p>Tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Actinobacillus species is associated with 'wooden tongue'?

    <p>A.lignieresii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of A.pleuropneumoniae infection in pigs?

    <p>Necrotizing, fibrinohemorrhagic pneumonia with pleuritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range of piglets most susceptible to A.pleuropneumoniae infection?

    <p>2-4 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of respiratory failure in A.pleuropneumoniae infected pigs?

    <p>Death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of A.pleuropneumoniae?

    <p>Aerosols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of A.pleuropneumoniae infection in survivors?

    <p>Intermittent non-productive coughing and unsatisfactory weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the occurrence and severity of A.pleuropneumoniae disease?

    <p>Facility production practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of A.pleuropneumoniae infection in pigs?

    <p>Necrotizing, fibrinohemorrhagic pneumonia with pleuritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which P. multocida-associated disease is particularly significant in cattle and water buffalo in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East?

    <p>Hemorrhagic septicemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical outcome of P. multocida infection in ruminants?

    <p>Hemorrhagic septicemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of Actinobacillus is not typically found as a commensal organism but as a primary pathogen?

    <p>A. pleuropneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental conditions are commonly associated with Actinobacillus infections?

    <p>Presence of organic matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What predisposes neonates to septicemia by Actinobacillus species?

    <p>Failure of passive immunity transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical habitat of Actinobacillus species, excluding A. pleuropneumoniae?

    <p>Mucosal surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is associated with sporadic outbreaks of Actinobacillus infections?

    <p>Environmental or husbandry factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Actinobacillus species is known to cause pleuropneumonia in pigs?

    <p>A. pleuropneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of response is responsible for the signs and outcomes of hemorrhagic septicemia in ruminants?

    <p>Severe systemic inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Through which means can ‘mouth microorganisms’ such as P. multocida cause trauma-related diseases?

    <p>Inoculation into bite wounds or by licking wounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of A.suis in pigs?

    <p>Through aerosol transmission from an infected animal's cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic clinical feature of A.lignieresii infection in cattle?

    <p>Chronic granuloma in the soft facial tissues and tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of neonatal infections in foals?

    <p>Contaminated colostrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical outcome of A.equuli infection in horses?

    <p>Sporadic and often fatal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic pathological change in A.suis infection in pigs?

    <p>Vasculitis leading to petechial hemorrhages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between A.suis and A.pleuropneumoniae?

    <p>Clinical signs and lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of A.equuli infection in foals that survive the first few days?

    <p>Umbilical infections and polyarthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that influences the occurrence and severity of A.pleuropneumoniae disease?

    <p>Presence of predisposing factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic clinical feature of A.lignieresii infection in ruminants?

    <p>Chronic granuloma in the soft facial tissues and tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of A.lignieresii in ruminants?

    <p>Through plant fibre penetration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a natural habitat for Pseudomonas species?

    <p>Respiratory equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic allows Pseudomonas aeruginosa to replace normal flora?

    <p>Its resistance to commonly used antimicrobials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is NOT caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in dogs and cats?

    <p>Otitis media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is crucial for Pseudomonas aeruginosa's infection potential?

    <p>Quorum sensing and T6SS virulence factor regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal is affected by hemorrhagic pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

    <p>Mink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disrupts the normal flora, allowing Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization?

    <p>Antibiotic treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body part is NOT commonly affected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in horses?

    <p>Fleece-rot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical setting issue is highly problematic due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections?

    <p>Contamination of medical devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which Pseudomonas aeruginosa invades tissues?

    <p>Toxin and enzymatic release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which species does Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause 'blue fur disease'?

    <p>Rabbits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Family of Pasteurellaceae

    • Gram-negative, facultative anaerobes, and usually oxidase-positive
    • Distinguishes them from the Enterobacteriaceae family
    • Many species are commensal in the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract
    • Opportunistic pathogens, with over 30 genera including:
      • Actinobacillus
      • Glaeserella
      • Haemophilus
      • Histophilus
      • Manheimia
      • Pasteurella

    Genus Pasteurella

    • Natural habitat in birds, mammals, and reptiles
    • Found in the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract
    • Pasteurella multocida is the primary pathogenic species

    Pasteurella multocida

    • Isolated from healthy dogs, cats, reptiles, marine mammals, and livestock
    • Carriers are reservoirs for transmission to naive or immunocompromised animals
    • Transmission occurs through:
      • Saliva
      • Bites
      • Open wound exposure
      • Respiratory secretions
      • Inhaled air
      • Direct contact with contaminated feces or carcasses
    • Causes diseases including:
      • Fowl cholera
      • Hemorrhagic septicemia
      • Mucopurulent rhinosinusitis
      • Atrophic rhinitis
      • Respiratory infections
      • Bite wound-associated infections

    Fowl Cholera

    • Generally manifests as acute septicemia or chronic localized infection
    • Systemic infection in birds with four forms:
      • Peracute: no clinical signs, high mortality
      • Acute: lasts for several days, listlessness, anorexia, diarrhea, nasal and ocular discharge, lower mortality
      • Subacute: mostly respiratory signs, mucopurulent nasal discharge
      • Chronic: caseous lesions in joints, middle ear, ovaries, or wattles

    Hemorrhagic Septicemia

    • Acute systemic infection in cattle, water buffalo, and other species
    • Important disease in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East
    • Causes vascular damage resulting in:
      • Hemorrhage
      • Focal necrosis in parenchymatous organs
      • Ulcerations of mucous membranes
      • Fluid loss
      • Generalized hemorrhagic lymphadenopathy
    • Signs and outcomes are due to severe systemic inflammatory response and multi-organ infections
    • High fever, depression, subcutaneous edema, hypersalivation, diarrhea, and sudden death
    • All excretions are highly infectious

    Mucopurulent Rhinosinusitis

    • 'Snuffles' in rabbits
    • Infection develops after stressful events
    • Coinfections with other pathogens, especially Bordetella bronchiseptica, may exacerbate disease
    • Complications include:
      • Bronchopneumonia
      • Middle and inner ear infections
      • Conjunctivitis
      • Septicemia

    Atrophic Rhinitis

    • Chronic, synergistic infection by P. multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica
    • Affects pigs 3-7 months old
    • Clinical signs:
      • Sneezing
      • Epistaxis
      • Staining on the face from tear duct obstruction
      • Nasal, skeletal abnormalities
    • Lateral deviation or wrinkling of the snout due to rostro-caudal compression
    • Secondary pneumonia
    • Histologically, fibrinous tissue replaces osseous tissue, bony atrophy, and varying acuteness of inflammation

    Virulence Factors

    • Capsule
    • Cell wall (LPS and Endotoxin)
    • Dermonecrotic toxin (P. multocida toxin)
    • Adhesins
    • Hemagglutinins
    • Pili
    • Outer Membrane Proteins
    • Siderophores
    • Function similarly to adhesins
    • Resistance to bactericidal effects of serum

    Virulence Factors

    • Capsule is a virulence factor
    • Cell wall consists of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Endotoxin
    • Dermonecrotic toxin is produced by P. multocida and affects cell-signaling processes, leading to:
      • Increased levels of inflammatory cytokines
      • Proliferation of osteoclasts, disrupting turbinate structures
      • Reduction of osteoblasts, responsible for rebuilding turbinate structures
    • Adhesins, Hemagglutinins, Pili, and Outer Membrane Proteins facilitate colonization
    • Siderophores help resist bactericidal effects of serum

    Genus Mannheimia

    • Gram-negative, bipolar staining, non-motile, and variable morphology (rods and coccobacilli)
    • Mucosal commensals and pathogens for domestic and wild ruminants and other species
    • 7 species, with Mannheimia haemolytica being the most important
    • Natural habitat: nasal cavity and nasopharynx of cattle and sheep

    Mannheimia haemolytica

    • Opportunistic pathogen causing pneumonia as part of the Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) complex
    • Does not cause disease by itself in immunocompetent hosts
    • Can cause fibrinous pneumonia under certain conditions

    Predisposing Factors for Disease

    • Weaning
    • Animal transport (shipping fever pneumonia)
    • Castration
    • Dehorning
    • Commingling with animals from different places
    • Deprivation of food and water
    • Abrupt dietary changes
    • Weather changes
    • Other illnesses (e.g., BRSV, BHV-1, BPIV, BoCV, BVDV)

    Pathogenesis of Pasteurella and Mannheimia

    • Infections typically transmitted through inhalation, ingestion, and bite or scratch wounds
    • Many infections are likely to be endogenous and manifest in three ways:
      • Respiratory tract diseases
      • Atrophic rhinitis
      • Acute hemi-hemolytic infection

    Respiratory Tract Diseases

    • Pneumonia or pleuropneumonia, most frequent in ruminants with predisposing factors and lowered immunity
    • Commensal bacteria migrate to lower respiratory tract and deposit in lungs
    • Virulence factors (LPS, leukotoxin, etc.) initiate intense inflammatory response
    • Results in fibrin deposition, thrombosis, and inflammation

    Shipping Fever/Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC)

    • Typically seen 1-2 weeks post transport
    • Clinical signs:
      • Fever
      • Inappetence
      • Listlessness
      • Respiratory signs (nasal discharge, cough, respiratory distress)
      • Inconsistently present
      • Abnormal lung sounds may be detected over apical lung lobes

    Pasteurella multocida

    • Most commonly isolated from older cows and young dairy cows with pneumonia
    • Unlike Mannheimia haemolytica, does not cause airway and alveolar neutrophil infiltration, necrosis, or fibrin deposition

    Mannheimia haemolytica-induced Acute Hemi-hemolytic Infection

    • Severe fibrinous necrotizing pleural pneumonia with exudate and proteinaceous fluid in the pleural space
    • Microscopically, inflammatory response causes gross lesions with massive neutrophil infiltration, necrosis, hemorrhage, fibrin deposition, and thrombi

    Atrophic Rhinitis

    • Chronic, synergistic infection by P. multocida + Bordetella bronchiseptica
    • B. bronchiseptica first attaches to nasal mucosa and secretes Dermonecrotic toxin (DNT), causing mild damage to nasal epithelium
    • P. multocida then attaches and secretes Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT), leading to destruction of turbinates

    Bacteremic & Septicemic Diseases

    • Caused by P.multocida infections in ruminants and avian species
    • Hemorrhagic septicemia: acute systemic infection with P.multocida in cattle
    • Important disease in cattle and water buffalo in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East
    • Sporadic cases occurring in other species and locations
    • Causes vascular damage, leading to severe systemic inflammatory response and multi-organ infections
    • All excretions are highly infectious
    • Caused by "mouth microorganisms" inoculated into bite wounds or by licking wounds
    • Most commonly caused by P.multocida

    Genus Actinobacillus

    • 16 species and 2 subspecies
    • Several species associated with diseases in animals
    • Associated species: A.pleuropneumoniae, A.lignieresii, A.suis, A.equuli, A.seminis
    • Natural habitat: commensal of mucosal surfaces (except A.pleuropneumoniae)
    • Respiratory tract, alimentary tract, and genital tracts

    Actinobacillus: Transmission & Pathogenesis

    • Transmission: aerosols, close contact, epidermal breaches
    • Neonatal infections originate from mothers
    • Primarily endogenous
    • Pathogenesis:
      • Deposition of actinobacillus into a normal sterile environment
      • Initiation of inflammatory response
      • Interference of host phagocytic processes
      • Cytotoxic toxin production
      • Neutrophil and macrophage destruction
      • Release of neutrophilic cellular contents
      • Resulting in tissue damage

    Actinobacillus spp. Associated with Animal Diseases

    • A.lignieresii: oropharynx of cattle and sheep, causing "wooden tongue"
    • A.suis: septicemia and localized infections, sometimes causing pleuropneumonia in horses and pigs
    • A.equuli: purulent nephritis and arthritis, especially in foals and piglets, sometimes causing pleuropneumonia
    • A.pleuropneumoniae: nasal cavities and tonsillar crypts of healthy pigs, causing acute pleuropneumonia disease outbreaks in pigs

    A.pleuropneumoniae in Swine

    • Occurs worldwide with 19 serotypes
    • All serotypes can cause pleuropneumonia in pigs if conditions are optimal
    • Clinical pleuropneumonia can occur at any age in susceptible animals
    • Most commonly affects 2-4 month old piglets, but can occur in animals as young as 3 weeks
    • Passive immunity from the sow begins to wane around the 2-4 month mark, making piglets more susceptible to infection
    • Transmission via aerosols, inducing clinical disease in as little as 24 hours
    • Disease occurrence and severity influenced by facility production practices, environmental temperature, and ventilation
    • Produces necrotizing, fibrinohemorrhagic pneumonia with pleuritis and serosanguinous thoracic effusion
    • Resulting death likely due to respiratory failure

    Actinobacillus spp. Pathogenesis

    • Reduced ventilation facilitates the migration of microorganisms from palatine tonsillar crypts to the lower respiratory tract, leading to inflammation, coughing, and aerosol transmission.

    A. suis in Swine

    • May be difficult to distinguish from pleuropneumonia.
    • Can cause pleuropneumonia in older pigs.
    • Causes septicemia, arthritis, petechial hemorrhage, and endocarditis in younger pigs.
    • Clinical characteristics include sudden death of piglets and prolonged disease in older pigs.
    • Pathological changes include vasculitis, leading to cutaneous petechial hemorrhages in kidneys, heart, and lungs.

    A. lignieresii in Cattle

    • Causes 'Wooden tongue', a chronic granuloma in the soft facial tissues and tongue of ruminants.
    • Infection spreads to lymph nodes, producing granulomas along the lymph vessels.
    • Tongue involvement is not typical, but if involved, proliferative tissue reaction causes tongue to protrude from mouth.
    • Lesions may contain plant fiber, indicating external penetration and coalescence.

    A. equuli in Horses

    • Sporadic, infrequent, and often fatal.
    • Animals that survive the first few days typically develop umbilical infections and lameness due to polyarthritis and/or purulent nephritis.
    • Global occurrence, naturally present in the oral cavity of mares.
    • Infects neonates during or immediately following birth through aerosols or umbilicus, causing 'Sleepy foal' disease.
    • Clinical characteristics include neonatal septicemia, fever, inappetence, prostration, and diarrhea.
    • Disease strongly associated with colostrum deprivation.

    A. seminis in Sheep

    • One of the bacterial species that can cause epididymitis in rams.
    • Normally resides in the prepuce and is an opportunistic pathogen that ascends to cause infection.
    • Affects all parts of the genital tract, with greatest severity in the epididymis.
    • Causes fibrinosuppurative and necrotic infection involving both epididymides.
    • Prolonged infections can lead to enlargement of the epididymis, herniation through the scrotal wall, and becoming fibrinotic.

    Genus Pseudomonas

    • Consists of over 200 species and subspecies
    • Gram-negative, rod-shaped, and aerobic

    Habitat and Distribution

    • Found in soil, water, plants, and sewage
    • Present on skin, mucous membranes, and feces of healthy animals
    • Not part of normal microbiota, but rather transient
    • Can be opportunistic pathogens in compromised host immune systems

    Pathogenic Mechanism of P. aeruginosa

    • Contaminates areas with reduced normal flora, replacing it
    • Disruption of normal flora often due to antimicrobial agents
    • Resistant to commonly used antimicrobials
    • Breaches the first line of defense and invades tissues
    • Releases toxins and enzymes, causing tissue destruction
    • Infection potential dependent on quorum sensing and T6SS virulence factors

    P. aeruginosa Infections in Animals

    Cattle

    • Pneumonia
    • Metritis
    • Mastitis
    • Enteritis (in calves)
    • Dermatitis

    Sheep

    • Pneumonia
    • Mastitis
    • Fleece-rot
    • Dermatitis
    • Otitis media

    Pigs

    • Respiratory infections
    • Otitis

    Horses

    • Pneumonia
    • Endometritis
    • Genital tract infections
    • Ulcerative keratitis
    • Conjunctivitis

    Dogs and Cats

    • Pneumonia
    • Cystitis
    • Lower UTI
    • Pyoderma
    • Ulcerative keratitis
    • Ocular infections
    • Otitis externa

    Other Animals

    • Mink: Hemorrhagic pneumonia, Septicemia
    • Chinchillas: Pneumonia, Septicemia
    • Rabbits: Moist dermatitis ('blue fur disease')
    • Reptiles: Necrotic stomatitis

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    Description

    Learn about the characteristics, habitats, and species of the Pasteurellaceae family, including their Gram reaction, oxygen requirements, and pathogenic potential. This quiz covers the features that distinguish them from Enterobacteriaceae and their role in various diseases.

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