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Questions and Answers
What was the purpose of using S-shaped flasks in Pasteur's experiment?
What was the purpose of using S-shaped flasks in Pasteur's experiment?
- To keep microbes out but let air in (correct)
- To keep microbes in and let air out
- To block air completely
- To allow mystical forces to enter
Microorganisms can originate from mystical forces.
Microorganisms can originate from mystical forces.
False (B)
Pasteur demonstrated that broth in flasks showed no signs of life due to the presence of ______ flasks.
Pasteur demonstrated that broth in flasks showed no signs of life due to the presence of ______ flasks.
S-shaped
What significant relationship did discoveries during the Golden Age of Microbiology establish?
What significant relationship did discoveries during the Golden Age of Microbiology establish?
Which of the following shapes can bacteria have?
Which of the following shapes can bacteria have?
Archaea are eukaryotic organisms.
Archaea are eukaryotic organisms.
Match the following concepts to their descriptions:
Match the following concepts to their descriptions:
Fungi have cell walls composed of ________.
Fungi have cell walls composed of ________.
What type of environment do extreme halophiles thrive in?
What type of environment do extreme halophiles thrive in?
Match the following groups of organisms with their characteristics:
Match the following groups of organisms with their characteristics:
Which type of organism is often known to produce methane as a waste product?
Which type of organism is often known to produce methane as a waste product?
Extreme thermophiles can live in cold environments.
Extreme thermophiles can live in cold environments.
What structure do molds and mushrooms consist of?
What structure do molds and mushrooms consist of?
What are viruses primarily comprised of?
What are viruses primarily comprised of?
Viruses can replicate outside of living host cells.
Viruses can replicate outside of living host cells.
What is the term used for parasitic flatworms and roundworms?
What is the term used for parasitic flatworms and roundworms?
In 1665, Robert Hooke reported that living things are composed of little boxes called __________.
In 1665, Robert Hooke reported that living things are composed of little boxes called __________.
Which hypothesis suggests that life arises from preexisting living cells?
Which hypothesis suggests that life arises from preexisting living cells?
Match the following scientists with their contributions:
Match the following scientists with their contributions:
Spontaneous generation is the theory that life comes from nonliving matter.
Spontaneous generation is the theory that life comes from nonliving matter.
What are the microscopic stages in the life cycles of multicellular animal parasites commonly referred to as?
What are the microscopic stages in the life cycles of multicellular animal parasites commonly referred to as?
What does the term 'binomial nomenclature' refer to?
What does the term 'binomial nomenclature' refer to?
Prokaryotic species are defined as a population of cells with varying characteristics.
Prokaryotic species are defined as a population of cells with varying characteristics.
What is the specific term for a population of cells derived from a single parent cell?
What is the specific term for a population of cells derived from a single parent cell?
A _____ is a population of bacteria grown in laboratory media.
A _____ is a population of bacteria grown in laboratory media.
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
What can overuse of antimicrobial chemicals lead to?
What can overuse of antimicrobial chemicals lead to?
The study of viruses is known as bacteriology.
The study of viruses is known as bacteriology.
Who discovered the cause of tobacco mosaic disease?
Who discovered the cause of tobacco mosaic disease?
________ is the study of how microbes inherit traits.
________ is the study of how microbes inherit traits.
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
What type of DNA is created from two different sources?
What type of DNA is created from two different sources?
The introduction of antiviral drugs has contributed to a decline in microbiology research.
The introduction of antiviral drugs has contributed to a decline in microbiology research.
What advancements allowed scientists to study the structure of viruses in detail?
What advancements allowed scientists to study the structure of viruses in detail?
The Third Golden Age of Microbiology began in the late _________.
The Third Golden Age of Microbiology began in the late _________.
Who first inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA?
Who first inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA?
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Study Notes
Bacterial Characteristics
- Bacteria can form various arrangements, including pairs, chains, or clusters.
- Enclosed in cell walls primarily made of a carbohydrate and protein complex.
- Bacterial shapes include bacillus (rod), coccus (spherical), spiral, star-shaped, and square.
Archaea and Fungi
- Archaea are prokaryotes that lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls, with some lacking cell walls entirely.
- Thrive in extreme environments; methanogens produce methane as a waste product.
- Extreme halophiles live in very salty conditions, while extreme thermophiles thrive in hot, sulfurous waters.
- Fungi are eukaryotic organisms characterized by chitin in their cell walls.
- Nutritionally, fungi absorb organic chemicals for energy; yeasts are unicellular, while molds and mushrooms are multicellular.
Viruses and Parasites
- Viruses are acellular entities with either a DNA or RNA core, surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes a lipid envelope.
- They can only replicate within a living host cell, making them obligate intracellular parasites.
- Multicellular animal parasites, including helminths (parasitic flatworms and roundworms), are eukaryotic and not strictly microorganisms, but they have microscopic life stages.
Foundations of Cell Theory
- Robert Hooke's research in 1665 marked the inception of cell theory, stating all living things are composed of cells.
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek, from 1623 to 1673, observed the first microbes he called "animalcules" using magnifying lenses.
Theories of Life Origin
- Spontaneous generation theorized life arose from nonliving matter, while biogenesis posits living cells come only from existing living cells.
- Louis Pasteur's experiments utilized S-shaped flasks to demonstrate microorganisms originate from air or fluids, not from mystical forces.
Microbiology's Golden Age
- The period from 1857 to 1914 saw significant advancements under Pasteur’s influence, including the discovery of connections between microbes, disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs.
- The overuse of antimicrobial chemicals has led to drug resistance and can have toxicity toward humans.
Virology and Molecular Genetics
- Virology studies viruses, beginning with Dmitri Iwanowski and Wendell Stanley's work on tobacco mosaic virus.
- Advances in electron microscopy allowed detailed structural studies of viruses.
- Molecular genetics explores inheritance in microbes and includes molecular biology and genomics.
- Recombinant DNA technology was initiated by Paul Berg in the 1960s, inserting animal DNA into bacterial DNA.
Scientific Nomenclature and Prokaryotic Classification
- Binomial nomenclature provides a universal naming system to avoid confusion arising from common names.
- Prokaryotic species consist of populations of similar cells; terms to classify include culture (bacteria in lab), clone (cells from a single parent), and strain (genetically distinct cells within a clone).
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