Bacterial Structure and Nutrition Quiz

Bacteria primarily reproduce through binary fission, where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells after DNA replication.

The steps include DNA replication, segregation of the replicated DNA, and formation of a new cell wall and membrane to separate the daughter cells.

The time required for binary fission can vary depending on the bacterial species and environmental conditions like nutrient availability and temperature.

<p>The lag phase is the initial period where bacteria adapt to a new environment before entering the exponential growth phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA replication is essential in bacterial reproduction as it ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid bacterial reproduction can lead to increased genetic variation and adaptability, especially with processes like mutation or gene transfer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental conditions such as nutrient availability, temperature, and pH can significantly affect the growth rate and overall dynamics of bacterial populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Yes, bacteria can exchange genetic material through processes like conjugation, which involves direct contact between cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interferons are proteins produced by infected cells that signal neighboring cells to initiate antiviral defenses and inhibit viral replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural killer cells directly kill infected cells, thus helping to eliminate the viral reservoir from the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory cells are long-lived B and T cells that are generated during the adaptive immune response and provide long-term protection against future infections by the same virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A virus consists of genetic material (either DNA or RNA) enclosed within a protein coat called a capsid, and some viruses have an additional lipid envelope derived from the host cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capsomers are repeating protein subunits that make up the capsid of a virus, providing structural support and protection for the viral genome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pattern recognition receptors detect specific viral components, such as viral RNA, triggering an inflammatory response that activates the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The immune response can lead to harmful outcomes like inflammation and tissue damage, sometimes resulting in severe illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lipid envelope, derived from the host cell membrane, contains viral proteins that facilitate the attachment and entry of the virus into host cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria are single-celled organisms without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

The cell wall provides support and protection for the bacterial cell.

Bacteria get energy and nutrients in many ways: some make their own food, others get it from consuming organic compounds

The simple way bacteria reproduce: one cell splits into two identical cells.

Bacteria change their genes through mutations and horizontal gene transfer.

The initial period where bacteria adjust to a new environment before growing rapidly.

Bacteria primarily reproduce through binary fission, a process of cell division.

Transfer of genetic material between bacteria through cell-to-cell contact using pili.

Viruses cannot replicate outside of a living host cell. They need the host cell's machinery to reproduce.

A protein coat surrounding the viral genetic material, protecting it and providing the shape of the virus.

An outer lipid membrane surrounding some viruses, derived from the host cell's membrane. It aids in attachment to new host cells.

1. Attachment to host cell. 2. Entry into the cell. 3. Replication of viral genetic material. 4. Assembly of new viral particles. 5. Release of new viruses.

The first line of defense, using cells and molecules to detect and fight viruses. It involves pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and interferons (IFNs) to block viral replication.

Proteins produced by B cells that specifically target viral proteins. They neutralize the virus and mark it for destruction by other immune cells.

A type of immune cell that directly kills infected cells, eliminating the viral reservoir before it can spread further.

Long-lived immune cells generated during adaptive immunity. They recognize the specific virus and can quickly mount a response if reinfected.