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Questions and Answers
What is the morphology of cocci?
What is the morphology of cocci?
- Spheres (correct)
- Clusters
- Rods
- Spirals
What is the definition of bacilli?
What is the definition of bacilli?
Rods
Which terms describe the arrangement of bacterial cells?
Which terms describe the arrangement of bacterial cells?
- Diplo
- Strepto
- Tetrad
- All of the above (correct)
What does 'pleomorphic' mean?
What does 'pleomorphic' mean?
Match the bacterial terms with their definitions:
Match the bacterial terms with their definitions:
Spirilla and spirochetes are flexible and have motility through axial filaments.
Spirilla and spirochetes are flexible and have motility through axial filaments.
Differentiate between heterotrophic eubacteria and cyanobacteria.
Differentiate between heterotrophic eubacteria and cyanobacteria.
The size of an object viewed through a microscope is determined by the formula: Size = calibration x ___ dimension.
The size of an object viewed through a microscope is determined by the formula: Size = calibration x ___ dimension.
What are the characteristics of heterocysts in cyanobacteria?
What are the characteristics of heterocysts in cyanobacteria?
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Study Notes
Bacterial Morphology Overview
- Prokaryotic cells exhibit common shapes including cocci (spheres), bacilli (rods), and spirilla (spirals).
- Cell arrangements include diplo (pairs), strepto (chains), tetrads (cubical packets), sarcina (3 planes), and staph (clusters like grapes).
Morphological Terminology
- Bacterial morphology includes terms such as cocci, bacillus, and spirilla.
- Common arrangements of bacteria are categorized as tetrad, staph, and strep.
Cell Division and Arrangement
- Division along a single plane generates pairs (dip-) or chains (strep-).
- Division in 2 or 3 planes results in tetrads, while irregular divisions create clusters (staph-).
Special Bacterial Forms
- Diphtheroids refer to bacteria associated with diphtheria, causing respiratory diseases.
- Palisades display characteristic angular arrangements due to outer cell wall division.
- Spores are resilient forms that bacteria adopt in adverse conditions for survival.
Spirilla vs. Spirochetes
- Spirilla are rigid, utilizing polar flagella for movement; spirochetes are flexible, moving via axial filaments.
Pleomorphic Bacteria
- Pleomorphic organisms can exhibit various shapes, often seen in preparations that cannot be easily classified.
Heterotrophic Eubacteria vs. Cyanobacteria
- Cyanobacteria are unicellular, lack a nucleus, and are photosynthetic; they produce their own food in aquatic environments.
- Heterotrophic eubacteria obtain energy through the respiration and fermentation of organic matter from plants and animals.
Akinete and Heterocyst in Cyanobacteria
- Akinetes function as resting cells, formed in response to harsh environments, featuring thick walls and nutrient storage.
- Heterocysts are specialized cells for nitrogen fixation, requiring anoxic conditions to prevent oxygen inhibition.
Microscope Calibration and Size Measurement
- To determine the size of an object through a microscope, multiply the calibration factor by the ocular dimension (10X).
- Size estimation varies by objective: 10 nanometers (low), 2.5 nanometers (high), and 1 nanometer (oil).
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