30 Questions
What is the primary focus during the lag phase of bacterial growth?
Acclimation to new environment
Which phase of bacterial growth is characterized by reproduction being greater than death?
Logarithmic or exponential phase
What conditions can affect the length of the lag phase in bacterial growth?
Inoculum size
During which phase of bacterial growth does reproduction equal death due to substrate limitation or adverse environments?
Stationary phase
What happens during the death phase of bacterial growth?
Severe substrate limitation or waste accumulation
In bacterial growth, what causes vigorous growth via binary fission?
Reproduction being greater than death
Which type of microorganism prefers oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor but can grow without it?
Facultative anaerobe
What is the electron acceptor used by strict or obligate anaerobes like Clostridium botulinum?
Nitrate (NO3)
Which type of foods are described as low in carbohydrates but high in protein and fat?
Muscle-based foods
What is the major function of the nutrient composition of food or substrate?
Source of energy
Where do microaerophiles like Campylobacter jejuni grow best?
Low oxygen environments
What type of spoilage is associated with fruits and vegetables due to their nutrient composition?
Souring
What is the range of sodium chloride concentration for slightly halophilic bacteria to grow?
2 to 5%
Which type of bacteria can grow with or without salt?
Salt tolerant bacteria
What can contribute to spoilage in pasteurized milk, especially if they are psychrotrophs?
Survival of thermodurics
What type of food are halophilic bacteria important in?
Salted food
Which type of microbial association involves two or more microorganisms adversely affecting each other's growth?
Antagonistic
What do molds tend to accumulate as osmoregulators?
Polyols like glycerol
Which mechanism do bacteria use to combat low water activity by accumulating 'compatible solutes'?
Accumulating intracellular compounds
What is the main premise behind quorum-sensing in bacteria?
Cell-to-cell communication
How does low relative humidity affect food stored under such conditions?
Leads to moisture loss
What is a potentially hazardous food (PHF) characterized by?
Neutral pH, high protein, and high carbohydrate content
What do synergistic microorganisms achieve when growing together?
Changes that neither could produce alone
How can pasteurization contribute to a high SPC in milk?
Thermoduric survival
What are the four common sources of cross-contamination mentioned in the text?
Food, people, equipment, work surfaces
How does improper handling and storage affect microbial numbers on plants?
Increases microbial numbers
Which type of water quality is essential for use in food industries according to the text?
Bacteriologically safe water
What is a potential carrier of pathogens without showing symptoms mentioned in the text?
Animals
How should water be treated for use in the food processing industry according to the text?
With chlorine treatment
Which part of plants tend to contain less microorganisms according to the text?
Trimmed plants
Learn about the different phases of bacterial growth curve, including the lag phase where cells adjust to new environments before entering the exponential growth phase. Explore how bacterial reproduction is influenced by factors like temperature and inoculum size.
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