أسئلة ريتين الرابعة ميكرو دمياط (قبل التعديل)

The primary mechanism involves the integration of phage DNA into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome, followed by the excision of this DNA with adjacent bacterial genes during transduction.

F pili are essential for the attachment of the donor cell to the recipient cell, forming a canal that facilitates the transfer of plasmid DNA from the donor to the recipient.

The excision of the integrated F factor can result in the transfer of chromosomal DNA segments to the recipient cell, leading to a high frequency of genetic recombination.

<p>The transformation occurs when one strand of the plasmid is transferred from the donor to the recipient cell, which then replicates to form a double-stranded plasmid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specialized transduction occurs when specific bacterial genes are transferred along with phage DNA due to precise excision of the prophage, while general transduction can transfer any segment of bacterial DNA randomly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through horizontal gene transfer mechanisms such as transformation, transduction, or conjugation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A plasmid that cannot trigger the conjugation process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through transformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasmids can carry antibiotic resistance genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generalized transduction can transfer any bacterial gene, while specialized transduction transfers only certain genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests the potential for horizontal gene transfer between species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conjugation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasmids carry extra genetic information that can include antibiotic resistance genes and can replicate independently from chromosomal DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transposons, or jumping genes, are small pieces of DNA that can move within a genome and are often involved in antibiotic resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>F-plasmids are specifically involved in the formation of sex pili and facilitate the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells through conjugation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drug resistance transposons carry genes that code for resistance mechanisms and can integrate into chromosomal DNA or plasmids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autonomous replication refers to the ability of plasmids to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome, without relying on chromosomal DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transposons are characterized by having specific sequences at their ends that are essential for integration and may include antibiotic resistance genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tra genes are vital for the mobilization of plasmids, allowing them to be transferred between bacterial cells through conjugation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transposition occurs when transposons excise themselves from their original location and reintegrate into a new site within the DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to the spread of antibiotic resistance among bacterial populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They involve the movement of a gene from a silent site to an active site, resulting in antigenic variation and immune evasion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves the direct uptake of naked DNA by a recipient cell from a lysed donor cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adding calcium chloride solution and subjecting the cells to a heat shock can increase their permeability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteriophages can inadvertently encapsulate bacterial DNA and transfer it to another bacterium during infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The bacteriophage infects a cell, replicates, and lyses the host, releasing new phages that can infect other bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competent cells are bacterial cells that have been treated to increase their ability to take up external DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased prevalence of treatment-resistant bacterial infections poses significant public health challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phage DNA integrates at a specific site of the bacterial DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The F plasmid encodes for F pili that are necessary for establishing contact between the donor and recipient cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can transfer a segment of the bacterial chromosome to the recipient cell, transforming it into an Hfr type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tra gene is essential for the formation of the conjugative pilus, allowing DNA transfer between cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hfr cells facilitate high-frequency recombination by transferring portions of their chromosome to recipient cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The bacterial genome consists of a single copy of haploid circular DNA that forms the nucleoid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasmids often carry antibiotic resistance genes that allow bacteria to survive in the presence of antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transmissible plasmids can be mobilized and transferred between bacterial cells, while nontransmissible plasmids cannot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transposition requires transposons, which have special sequences at both ends for integration, and the proteins that facilitate their movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transposons can carry genes that confer antibiotic resistance and move these genes to different locations within or between genomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The F-plasmid contains tra genes essential for the formation of sex pili and facilitates bacterial conjugation for gene transfer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple transposons consist of two inverted repeats flanking a central piece of DNA that often encodes antibiotic resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The origin of replication allows plasmids to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It results in antigenic variation, allowing the bacteria to evade the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium chloride increases the permeability of the cell envelope, allowing DNA to enter more easily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phage accidentally encapsulates bacterial DNA instead of its own, which is then transferred to a new host cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It refers to the phase when phage DNA integrates into the host genome and can remain dormant for generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for the random transfer of bacterial DNA between cells, promoting genetic variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural transformation involves the uptake of naked DNA from the environment, while artificial transformation is facilitated by laboratory techniques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasmids can carry and transfer antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria, increasing the spread of resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phage activates, replicates, and lyses the host cell, releasing new phage particles into the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A bacterium can acquire antibiotic resistance through transformation by taking up naked DNA containing resistance genes from its environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generalized transduction involves a bacteriophage infecting a donor bacterium and mistakenly packaging bacterial DNA, which can then be transferred to a recipient bacterium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasmid-mediated resistance allows bacteria like Proteus species to share antibiotic resistance genes, leading to potential treatment failures in infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specialized transduction allows for the transfer of specific genes linked to the prophage of a bacteriophage, influencing traits like virulence or antibiotic resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shared antibiotic resistance genes can lead to the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacterial strains, complicating treatment options.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteriophages can transfer antibiotic resistance genes from one bacterium to another through transduction, enhancing the spread of resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Studying horizontal gene transfer is crucial for understanding how antibiotic resistance spreads, informing treatment strategies, and managing resistant infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanisms include transformation, where bacteria take up naked DNA from their surroundings, and conjugation, where direct contact facilitates gene transfer.</p> Signup and view all the answers