Bacterial Cell Walls and Metabolism
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Questions and Answers

Which shape describes rod-shaped bacterial cells?

  • Bacillus (correct)
  • Diplococcus
  • Spirillum
  • Coccus

    • All bacteria have a capsule surrounding their cells.

    False

    What are the three common shapes of bacteria?

    Cocci, Bacilli, Spirilla

    The outer layer on some bacteria that helps resist water loss is called a ______.

    <p>capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms related to bacterial arrangement with their correct definitions:

    <p>Diplo- = Pairs Staphylo- = Clusters Strepto- = Chains Cocci = Round cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is peptidoglycan primarily responsible for?

    <p>Cell wall strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria that make their own food from inorganic chemicals are known as ______ bacteria.

    <p>autotrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Streptococcus pyogenes is a type of bacillus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organisms get their nutrients from carbon-containing organic chemicals found in other living organisms or their remains?

    <p>Heterotrophic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All animals and plants are obligate anaerobes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two primary sources of energy for living things?

    <p>Sunlight and chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria that cannot survive without oxygen are called __________.

    <p>obligate aerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of bacteria with their oxygen requirements:

    <p>Obligate aerobes = Cannot survive without oxygen Facultative aerobes = Can live with or without oxygen Obligate anaerobes = Cannot live in the presence of oxygen Heterotrophic bacteria = Get nutrients from organic chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding facultative aerobes?

    <p>They can perform aerobic and anaerobic respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemical energy in organic chemicals includes sugars, fats, and proteins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide is considered an __________ chemical because it is produced during respiration.

    <p>inorganic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a prokaryotic cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria reproduce slowly, resulting in fewer mutations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mutation?

    <p>A change in the genetic makeup of a cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An _________ is an organism that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.

    <p>obligate anaerobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Binary fission = A form of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes Conjugation = Exchange of genetic information between two bacterial cells Transformation = Incorporation of new DNA after viral infection Mutation = Change in the genetic sequence of an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of genetic diversity involves one bacterial cell passing a copy of a plasmid to another cell?

    <p>Conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacterial genes mutate less frequently than eukaryotic genes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do prokaryotes typically reproduce?

    <p>Asexually through binary fission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of the overuse of antibiotics?

    <p>Bacteria adapt and become resistant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All bacteria become resistant to antibiotics after exposure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique characteristics distinguish archaea from bacteria?

    <p>Their cell membranes and walls have a unique chemical makeup and they lack peptidoglycan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some archaea can survive extreme environments, such as being boiled in strong __________.

    <p>detergents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics to archaea or bacteria:

    <p>Unique cell membrane composition = Archaea Presence of peptidoglycan = Bacteria Ability to survive extreme conditions = Archaea Often develop resistance to antibiotics = Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do resistant bacteria affect the population of bacteria over time?

    <p>They make up more of the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell membranes of archaea are less resistant than those of bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common factor among resistant bacteria?

    <p>They survive and reproduce despite the presence of antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do methanogens primarily produce as a form of energy?

    <p>Methane gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Halophiles are known to thrive in low-oxygen environments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal temperature range for extreme thermophiles?

    <p>70 °C to 95 °C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychrophiles are cold-loving organisms found mostly in the ______ and ______ oceans.

    <p>Antarctic, Arctic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following environments might you find halophiles?

    <p>The Dead Sea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the Euryarchaeota subgroup with their key features:

    <p>Methanogens = Generate methane from chemical compounds Halophiles = Salt-loving, thrive in saline environments Extreme Thermophiles = Live in environments with very high temperatures Psychrophiles = Cold-loving, found in polar oceans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of environment where methanogens can be found.

    <p>Digestive tracts of mammals or sediments of swamps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most halophiles are anaerobic and do not require oxygen for growth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bacterial Cell Walls

    • Bacterial cell walls are complex structures composed primarily of peptidoglycan.
    • Peptidoglycan forms long chains that become cross-linked, providing strength and rigidity to the cell wall.
    • Some bacteria have an outer capsule, which reduces water loss, resists high temperatures, and provides protection from antibiotics and viruses.

    Shapes and Arrangements

    • Bacteria have three common shapes: coccus (round), bacillus (rod-shaped), and spirillum (spiral).
    • Bacteria often occur in pairs (diplo-), clumps (staphylo-), or strings (strepto-).
    • The prefixes diplo-, staphylo-, and strepto- are used to describe these arrangements.

    Bacterial Metabolism

    • Autotrophic bacteria make their own food by assembling complex carbon molecules from simple inorganic chemicals like carbon dioxide, water, and minerals.
    • Heterotrophic bacteria get their nutrients from carbon-containing organic chemicals found in other living organisms or their remains.
    • All animals and plants are obligate aerobes, meaning they need oxygen for energy production.
    • Some bacteria are obligate aerobes, while others are facultative aerobes, meaning they can live with or without oxygen.
    • Obligate anaerobes cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.

    Bacterial Reproduction

    • Prokaryotes reproduce asexually through binary fission, where a parent cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.
    • Copying errors during DNA replication can lead to mutations, increasing genetic diversity in bacterial populations.
    • Bacteria can also increase genetic diversity through conjugation, where one bacterium transfers a copy of a plasmid to a nearby cell, or transformation, where they acquire new DNA from their environment.

    Antibiotic Resistance

    • Antibiotic overuse can lead to the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
    • Some bacteria have natural resistance to certain antibiotics.
    • Bacteria can become more resistant through mutations, allowing resistant bacteria to survive and reproduce, eventually forming a dominant population.

    Domain Archaea

    • Archaea are unique prokaryotes that differ from bacteria in their cell membrane and wall composition, and their genetic makeup.
    • Many archaea inhabit extreme environments, such as hot springs, highly saline environments, or extremely cold environments.
    • Euryarchaeota is a group of archaea that includes methanogens, halophiles, extreme thermophiles, and psychrophiles.
    • Methanogens produce methane gas as a byproduct of energy production.
    • Halophiles are salt-loving organisms found in highly saline environments.
    • Extreme thermophiles thrive in extremely hot environments.
    • Psychrophiles are cold-loving organisms found in cold environments.

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    Related Documents

    Prokaryotes: Eubacteria and Archaea PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricate structures and functions of bacterial cell walls, including their composition and protective features. Learn about the various shapes and arrangements of bacteria, as well as the differences between autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria in their metabolic processes.

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