Bacterial Causes of UTI

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Questions and Answers

What is a unique feature of Ureaplasma in terms of physiology and medical treatment?

Presence of a cell wall

Presence of a biofilm

Absence of a cell wall (correct)

Shapes range from filamentous to spherical

What is the primary mode of transmission of Ureaplasma?

Through contaminated food and water

Through sexual contact (correct)

Through skin contact

Through airborne transmission

What is a common symptom of Ureaplasma infection in females?

Vaginal discharge that is watery (correct)

Unusual discharge

Rupturing of the vagina

Pain during urination

What is a complication of Ureaplasma infection in infants?

Lung infection Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is commonly used to treat Ureaplasma infection?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic smell of vaginal discharge in females with Ureaplasma infection?

A fishy smell Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Proteus bacteria that enables them to migrate across surfaces?

Swarming characteristic Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary habitat of Proteus bacilli?

Decomposing animal matter, sewage, manure, soil, and the mammalian intestine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a species of Proteus bacteria?

P.aeruginosa Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of struvite stones in kidney stones?

Urease enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Gram-positive and coagulase-negative Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of Staphylococcus saprophyticus transmission to humans?

Eating pork and beef Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of urinary tract infections caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus in females aged 16-25?

Up to 42% Signup and view all the answers

What is the ranking of Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections?

Second most common Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for UTIs in women?

Pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hemagglutinin in UTIs?

It binds to both fibronectin and membrane proteins on red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of urease production in UTIs?

The alkalization of the urine, leading to kidney stone formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of biofilm formation in UTIs?

It provides protection to the bacteria as a barrier against immune cells and antimicrobial agents Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Enterococcus faecalis?

It is a Gram-positive cocci arranged in chains Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Ureaplasma urealyticum?

It is the smallest free-living organism without a defined cell wall Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of enzyme produced by bacteria that causes UTIs?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of bacteria to escape from phagocytosis?

Coating themselves with the host's proteins Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Proteus

Genus of Gram-negative, non-spore forming, and non-capsulated bacteria
Motile bacteria that can migrate across surfaces due to their "swarming" characteristic in temperatures between 20 and 37 °C
Has an ammonia smell (fishy odor)
Found in decomposing animal matter, sewage, manure, soil, mammalian intestine, and human and animal feces
Opportunistic pathogens responsible for urinary and septic infections, often nosocomial

Species of Proteus

P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis, and P. penneri are opportunistic human pathogens
P. mirabilis causes wound and urinary tract infections
P. mirabilis infects the kidney more commonly than E. coli
About 10-15% of kidney stones are struvite stones, caused by the urease enzyme of Proteus and other bacterial species

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Gram-positive, coagulase-negative, non-hemolytic bacteria
Part of the normal human flora that colonizes the perineum, rectum, urethra, cervix, and gastrointestinal tract
Common gastrointestinal flora in pigs and cows, and may be transferred to humans through eating these respective foods
Second most common cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs) in females aged 16-25
Causes cystitis in sexually active women (honeymoon cystitis)

Virulence Factors of Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Adhesins: extracellular slime layer, collagen- and fibronectin-binding protein, surface-associated fibrillar lipase, autolytic/adhesive protein, and hemagglutinin
Enzymes: urease, D-serine deaminase, and surface-associated lipase
Biofilm formation provides protection against immune cells and antimicrobial agents

Enterococcus faecalis

Gram-positive cocci arranged in chains
Gut commensal, cause of serious human infections, including urinary tract infections, endocarditis, bacteremia, and wound infections
More frequent in men compared to women

Ureaplasma urealyticum

Smallest free-living organisms without a defined cell wall, belonging to the Mycoplasma class of bacteria
Commonly found as commensals in the urogenital tracts of human beings
Lacks a cell wall, making it unique in physiology and medical treatment
Shapes range from filamentous to spherical, with diameters up to 0.8 µm
Resistant to widely prescribed antimicrobial agents, such as beta-lactams, due to the absence of a proper cell wall and biofilm-forming ability
Transmitted through sexual contact, but not typically thought of as an STD
Complications: rupturing of the vagina, premature birth, placenta invasion, lung infection in infants, meningitis, and uterine membrane rupture
Symptoms: none; can cause nongonococcal urethritis and bacterial vaginosis in females

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Description

Learn about the general characteristics of Proteus bacteria, a type of Gram-negative bacteria that causes urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Bacterial Causes of UTI - Proteus